Stoma Care Reflection

Stoma Care Reflection This is a reflective account of teaching a patient stoma care, using Gibbs Reflective Cycle (1988). By conceptualising the reflective cycle as commencing with a description of an event and ending with the development of an action plan, this model facilitates experiential learning. The model is praised for its focus on learning from experience rather than attempting to change experience (Rolfe et al., 2001). It also increases commitment to learning via the development of an action plan. The following components of Gibbs model will form the structure of this reflective account: description; feelings; evaluation; analysis; conclusion; and action plan. Description The teaching took place on a male surgical ward that specialises in bowel surgery. The patient, Tom, whose real name will remain anonymous in respect of confidentiality (NMC Code, 2008; NHS Confidentiality Code of Practice, DH 2003), was admitted for surgery for colorectal cancer. Tom would be provided with a temporary transverse colostomy post-surgery, which would require the learning of new skills in order for him to manage his own care needs once discharged from hospital. Being patient-centred (Pelzang, 2010), I introduced myself to Tom and asked his permission to go through some information with him, explaining that the aim was to prepare him for managing his colostomy after surgery. The four steps to teaching colostomy care, as offered by Tolch (1997), were then implemented. These four steps comprised devising a teaching plan, assessing and documenting progress, encouraging participation, and anticipating problems. Using sample equipment, I talked Tom through the procedure, step by step, with pauses to confirm his understanding or answer any questions. At first, all necessary equipment was assembled, including a stoma bag, scissors, disposal sack, soap, warm tap water, dry disposable wipes, and stoma sizing template. I discussed the equipment with Tom before showing him how to empty the pouch whilst ensuring no spillage and maintaining hygiene. Pictures were used, where appropriate, to show Tom how the peristomal skin needs to be cleaned with moistened gauze and repeated several times until the skin and stoma are clean. Tom was informed not to be alarmed by small specks of blood on the gauze, explaining that this is normal and can occur each time the stoma is cleaned due to the small blood capillaries on the stomal surface being very delicate. Teaching Tom the basics of how to empty, clean, and change his colostomy was followed by the provision of some information on signs and symptoms of potential problems or complications, such as little or no stools, increased pain, and other signs of infection, etc. It was also necessary to teach Tom how to deal with problems that might arise after hospital discharge, such as a leakage. I also provided a contact list for colostomy supplies, along with details of the Colostomy Association, which provides telephone support and written information for patients. I encouraged Tom to maintain contact with the organisation and to access it as much as he needed. This would facilitate his transition from hospital to home, which can be a stressful time for patients with a newly formed stoma (Fulham, 2008). Finally, a post-surgery teaching plan was devised collaboratively to provide reassurance that Tom would still be receiving help with developing his self-management skills once the colostomy was fitted. Feelings Initially, I was apprehensive about handling such a personal and sensitive topic with a patient, especially since I was aware that adjusting to a stoma can be both physically and psychologically challenging to the patient. I did not want to do or say anything that would in any way hinder this adjustment. I was particularly anxious of ensuring that I demonstrated that a colostomy can be self-managed effectively, whilst at the same time not being seen as dismissing any of Toms own concerns or anxieties. I could sense that Tom was anxious, which reminded me that this was more difficult for him and thus I needed to be calm and confident in order to facilitate the learning process and relieve any of Toms own stresses. I am confident that I managed to achieve this as Tom became much more relaxed as the session progressed, asking more questions and becoming more involved. I am disappointed, however, that my practice was influenced by assumptions. For example, I had not realised the importance of offering the patient the opportunity to have a family member or carer involved in the teaching process (Turnball, 2010). Assuming that the procedure being taught was so personal that the patient would not want anyone else involved in learning how to change their colostomy, I prevented Tom and his family members from having the opportunity to be more involved. Their involvement, if desired, might have been a useful process and, indeed, it would have ensured a level of consistent support on discharge from the hospital. Mezirow (1981) describes this reflection as a perspective transformation on reading the literature after a few teaching sessions with Tom, I realised that my belief system had influenced the way in which I taught Tom. Evaluation The pre-surgery teaching sessions have been successful and Tom has shown continued understanding of the implications of having a colostomy that needs regular changing. Indeed, during the last teaching session Tom took the role of teacher and showed me how to change a colostomy. He is still, understandably, nervous about when the time comes for him to do this on a regular basis, but has been reassured that he wont be expected to be completely independent post-surgery. It is likely that myself or a colleague will initially change the colostomy so that Tom can observe the procedure before gradually becoming more involved. I am aware that during this period I will need to be mindful not to show any signs of distaste when changing the colostomy as patients adjustment can be severely impacted by this (Armstrong, 2001). Indeed, I communicated sensitively at all times and was mindful of enabling Tom to be fully engage in the care process, as recommended by the Department of Health expert patient approach to health management (DH, 2001), as well as the Health Foundations co-creating health initiatives (Collins and Grazin, 2008). This appeared effective in developing a partnership with Tom so that we could work together in developing his skills to manage his colostomy. I found Toms engagement with the whole process very rewarding as it gave me much deeper insight into the needs of men preparing for a colostomy, which helped me to move beyond the basic teaching skills of changing a colostomy to a more tailored approach to teaching that addressed Toms specific needs. He was particularly concerned about the dietary implications of the colostomy and whether this would impact his social activities. My knowledge regarding the dietary aspects of colostomy care is basic and thus I was not prepared to adequately answer all of Toms questions. I did, however, provide him with an information leaflet covering such matters and told him that if he had any further questions I could find someone he could talk to. Significant psychological symptoms, such as depression and anxiety, have been reported in 20% of patients with a stoma (White, 1997). Psychological morbidity is often the result of problems coming to terms with changes in body image and altered patterns of bowel elimination. For psychological adjustment to occur, it was fundamental for me to empathise with Tom whilst also reassuring him that there should be no need to impose any long-term dietary restrictions. Food is often a great source of concern for patients and on researching the literature and talking to colleagues I am now aware of the wealth of information and advice available for patients (Persson et al., 2005). A significant challenge during the teaching process was that Tom was trying to adjust to a cancer diagnosis whilst at the same time trying to adjust to the lifestyle changes introduced by a colostomy. However, providing Tom with the skills to manage his own stoma is likely, according to the evidence, to facilitate psychological adjustment by providing a sense of control that would have previously been lost when first diagnosed (Bekkers et al., 1996). Indeed, studies have shown that increases in a patients feelings of control, which are enhanced when the patient has the appropriate set of skills to manage the situation, can be fundamental in adjusting to having a colostomy (McVey, Madill, and Fielding, 2001). Models of self-management also indicate that increasing a patients self-efficacy (confidence) to self-manage has a number of positive physical and psychological outcomes (Simmons et al., 2007). There are some skills not demonstrated within the described teaching sessions, but which would have been present if I had been teaching Tom post-operatively. For example, it will be important for me to adopt infection control precautions by wearing disposable gloves and apron (Rust, 2007). At the same time, it will be important that I explain the rationale for this to Tom so that he doesnt feel stigmatised. In preparation for this, I have made Tom aware of this pre-surgery. Analysis The teaching style adopted was based on social learning theory, which included assessing Toms readiness and ability to take an active role in learning about managing the stoma. On talking to Tom and seeing that he was keen to learn and become independent in taking care of the stoma, a teaching plan was devised. This was to be followed with the implementation of the teaching plan and then an evaluation of the process and outcome, in line with the structured approach to teaching recommended by OConnor (2005). Furthermore, patient goals were set for post-surgery stoma care in order to help Tom progress towards achieving independence (Rust, 2007). In devising the teaching plan, it was important to consider the type of colostomy Tom would be fitted with. In this case, it was a temporary transverse colostomy that would need emptying several times a day due to the elimination of soft stools. If Tom had a sigmoid colostomy, his stools would be firmer and less frequent, requiring less time and effort in management of the stoma. Kember et al. (1999) have found that students can be categorised as non-reflectors (i.e. lack evidence of deliberate appraisal), reflectors (i.e. demonstrate insight through analysis, discrimination, and evaluation), and critical reflectors (i.e. indicate a transformation from initial perspective). This reflective account has highlighted that I am a reflector and that, indeed, I tend to reflect during as well as after an event. In this case, this has enabled me to identify my professional strengths and weaknesses. Identifying my strengths has increased my self-confidence in providing care and support within this area of healthcare. It has also enabled me to identify where further professional development is needed so that I can continue to hone the skills necessary to provide high quality patient care. I agree with Pierson (1998) that reflection is a technique and a purposeful inter-subjective process, as well as with Heideggerians (1966) notion that reflection is the integration of calculative and contemplative thinking. It is a technique and resource that I shall continue to develop both professionally and personally. Conclusion As many as approximately 15,000 people in the UK undergo stoma surgery in the UK (White, 1998). Adapting to a stoma and its daily management can take time and thus teaching these patients the practical skills necessary for stoma care needs to ideally commence as soon as possible, preferably pre-surgery. Indeed, teaching needs to be conducted in a planned, organised manner, in collaboration with the patient and based on their own readiness and ability to learn about stoma care. Taking this organised approach ensures that no vital aspects of care are omitted and that the patient and healthcare provider are working towards mutually agreed goals. The psychological implications of adjusting to a colostomy must not be underestimated or overshadowed by the need for practical skills in stoma care to be taught. Instead, teaching practical skills can be viewed as another component of psychological care since psychological adjustment can be affected if patients feel that they do not have sufficient knowledge and skills to change their colostomy or deal with any problems that might arise post-discharge (Metcalf, 2001). Action Plan Clause 3 of the UKCC Code of Professional Conduct (1992) states that nurses must maintain and improve her professional knowledge and competence. In relation to my professional knowledge and competence in teaching patients colostomy care, it is essential that I take steps towards continued professional development in terms of enhancing my knowledge surrounding the dietary needs of people with a colostomy. I have begun to meet this action plan by accessing nutritional advice from the Colostomy Association, but will endeavour to examine evidence-based practice in the provision of dietary advice for patients with a new stoma. I would also like to learn some specific skills for increasing self-efficacy that I can integrate into my teaching approach. I have acquired greater insight into the importance of patient confidence in self-management. There is a wealth of evidence available for the importance of promoting self-efficacy and I intend to start increasing my knowledge in this area by reading a comprehensive systematic review on self-management programmes for cancer survivors (Davies and Batehup, 2010). In addition, intend to rectify my assumptive actions surrounding the involvement of Toms family in the education process. During our next teaching session, I will ask Tom about his feelings regarding having anyone else involved in the teaching, with any expressed wishes being checked with relevant friends and family. In conclusion, using this reflective model has helped me to realise that my learning is a proactive process accompanied by continual reflection that provides insight into areas for further professional development.

A Philippine Hero

†¦ I. for my part, have done everything possible to avoid it, although at the cost of many rights uselessly sacrificed†¦ My government can not remain indifferent in view of [the] violent and aggressive seizure of its territory by a nation which has arrogated to itself the title champion of oppressed nations. Thus†¦ my government is disposed to open hostilities [if America attacks the Visayas]. Upon their heads be all the blood which may be shed. Emilio Aguinaldo Proclamation, Malolos, January 5, 1899 In Larry Henares' program, some of the panelists -staunch admirers of Aguinaldo- expressed the oft-repeated view that the general failed to achieve greatness in the eyes of Filipinos simply because he lived too long. He didn't die young, in the flower of youth, like Jacinto, or in some twilight of the gods manner, like Bonifacio. He wasn't martyred, like Rizal, and he didn't die, penurious and neglected, like Mabini. He simply lived on, and on, until he became something like an antiquated relict fit for gawking at, but not for reverence. Poor, unheralded man. No one ever made it clear if anyone asked Aguinaldo if that's what he felt. I would think that Aguinaldo was exceedingly fortunate to have lived so long. He outlived many of his friends, but he also outlived all of his enemies. He was reviled during his lifetime -in some cases, because he involved himself in politics and thus made himself fair game- but he lived to see independence day moved to June 12. Isn't having lived long enough to be told of that change an exquisite achievement? And throughout his life, he had the loyalty and devotion of the those who belonged to the League of the Veterans of the Revolution. The things held against him, the sordid Tejeros Convention -one professor of history has pointed out that there were more votes cast than there were actually people to cast them- which led to the eventual execution of Bonifacio, and the assassination of Gen. Antonio Luna which was a great blow to the military viability of the forces of the Republic, may forever bar him from reaching the same exalted place in the affections of the Filipino people. They will always haunt him. But they do not, I think, diminish his greatness at all. The power struggle -a naked coup d'‚tat, some have called it- that led to Bonifacio's downfall does make for sickening reading. And his execution was a poor end for a patriot. But is such indignation over this, warranted? Do people get upset over this because, in reality, they are applying quasi-religious morality to a subject that should be divorced from it? Why should standards befitting religious sainthood be applied to secular heroism? Must you be â€Å"good† (in the way people like Fr. Nudas would define it) to be a hero? A hero for a secular country? When Bonifacio's competence to hold the portfolio of the department of the Interior was questioned by Daniel Tirona, the Supremo, indignant, demanded a retraction. He failed to get it. Furious, he declared the proceedings null and void, and left. NCC Chairman Laurel recounted with pride on Henares' program how his grandfather, Sotero, head of the Batangas delegation at Tejeros, and a Bonifacio supporter, reacted to the uproar that followed. He called for lambanog. He drank, pulled out his gun, and put it on the table. He demanded that, as they had all agreed to earlier, the decision of the majority be respected. Otherwise, mag ubusan na tayo. The majority sided with Aguinaldo. Bonifacio (or, depending on how you see it, Aguinaldo) had thrown down the gauntlet. As Sotero Laurel might have put it then, matira ang matibay. Aguinaldo won, obviously. The thing is, in a revolutionary situation, extreme situations call for extreme measures. You can't dilly-dally and sort things out and massage egos while the enemy tries to kill you all . Every revolution everywhere has been marred with competing factions, many of whom act out of less-than-noble motives. In the end, one group must prevail, one destiny achieved. The Revolution, for good or ill, had its destiny tied to Aguinaldo. While the movement (as Mabini saw it) faltered as a result of the Supremo's liquidation, it made it through. It was suspended after biak-na-bato, resumed again, and gave birth to the proclamation made from a window of a house in Kawit on June 12. The proclamation of the Philippines as a free country. The Republic did not prosper. Was it Aguinaldo's fault? The fault of the Ilustrados? Did it fail because of competing views and interests within it, divisions that exist to this day in our country and in other countries with similar histories? Left to ourselves, they had as good a chance of eventually working them out as any other people on earth. But they weren't left alone. They were subdued with krag rifles and American tactics. Laudably, the Centennial Commission has made it clear that it is the proclamation and not the substance of independence that will be commemorated in 1998. A proclamation whose aspirations have endured. As have its symbols: our flag, our anthem. Aspirations we strove to fulfill in 1946, aspirations every generation tries to fulfill up to the present. Aguinaldo was responsible for that declaration, that flag, that anthem. He gave the nation vessels to contain its soul. We should be able to forgive him for being a flawed man and a poor politician. Again and again, our pantheon of heroes has been besieged by angry mobs, intent on pulling down -or raising up high above the others- the statues of great Filipinos. We, who should, as befits a supposedly democratic and liberal state, find nothing wrong or ignoble in having our heroes stand side-by-side, remain obsessed with establishing heroic hierarchies, as though the leaders we revere were petty princelings subject to Byzantine rules of precedence. Are we a people unworthy of heroes in the first place?

Green Marketing Plan †Nandos Essay

The purpose of this plan is to analyse the environmental efforts of the Nando’s Carnegie branch, and to develop strategies that propels them a step closer towards a more eco-friendly and sustainable future. Nando’s was established in 1987 in Johannesburg, South Africa. It has approximately 300 stores in Australia since the brand arrived here in 1990. Nando’s has already taken action to be more environmentally responsible, with better packaging designs and partnering with organizations that are tackling the world’s social problems. The sources of information for this  marketing plan include websites, articles and the management at the Carnegie branch of Nando’s. Since some data is unavailable to us (e.g. the annual costs of the business), certain assumptions will have to be made. Nando’s already has a clear focus on reducing its packaging, but energy and water usage have not been addressed as effectively. To reduce their usage of energy, they will have to consider their lighting, and the equipment that is used in the kitchen. Solar panels will also be installed to reduce their electricity use. Water usage will also be reduced by switching to more effi cient equipment in the kitchen and toilets. By employing the strategies that have been outlined, Nando’s will be able to target their triple bottom line by reducing cost, lightening their carbon footprint and consequently improving the lives of the people. Situation Analysis Nando’s Background Nando’s is not the common type of fast food joint, but is more of a casual dining place. Nando’s first began trading in 1987, in Johannesburg, South Africa. It arrived in Australia in 1990, with its first store opening in Perth. Since then, its popularity has grown in every state in Australia, with new stores opening all the time. There are approximately 300 stores operating nationally, with plans to expand further. Nando’s is famous for its unique Peri-Peri marinade that is used for all the chicken items on the menu (Nandos, 2012). This green marketing plan is for Nando’s Carnegie and how they can incorporate sustainability into their operations. Nando’s Environmental strategies Nandos does not advertise their sustainability efforts much, but protecting the environment and â€Å"doing the right thing† has always been a part of their business strategy. They are already raising awareness for an organisation called â€Å"United Against Malaria†, which is a charity that raises awareness of malaria, and aims to put an end to it (Mumbrella, 2012). Nando’s Carnegie has been selling â€Å"United Against Malaria† bracelets to raise funds for the charity. All Nando’s restaurants also use recyclable packaging for their products (they signed the Australian Packaging Covenant in 2010, which means they must adhere to their guidelines). They have also begun selling water bottles which use 35% less plastic than the previous bottles that were used. Recycle logos and information are also printed onto the packaging to educate consumers (Nandos, 2010). Nando’s also makes use of recycling services, which are available at every branch, including Carnegie. Nando’s have implemented a system of having its suppliers of oil provide oil to each store in large quantities so as to reduce the amount of trips that they need to make. This system also reduces the use of steel drums for containing the oil. Spent oil is then sent to recyclers to produce biodiesel, which Nando’s then uses to run its trucks (Nandos, 2010). Analysis of environmental performance Even though Nando’s does undertake all of the above- mentioned activities in their business processes, they are still not realizing their full potential in terms of sustainability. Even though Nando’s does try to buy recycled products, they do not have an explicit policy that states that they should buy recycled. Nando’s also does not have a policy to encourage their overseas suppliers to improve design to reduce the environmental impact of their packaging (Nandos, 2010). Just by implementing these guidelines, Nando’s could improve their environmental performance substantially. However, Nando’s does print environmental logos on all its primary and secondary packaging to encourage recycling throughout its value chain all the way to consumers. Nando’s also discourages consumers to take away the food, and this helps to reduce the use of extra packaging. All Nando’s restaurants have a relaxed atmosphere and a â€Å"homely† feel that urges consumers to eat there rather than take the food home (Nandos, 2012) The fast-food chain also uses renewable resources i.e. sugar cane material, for most of its packaging. Also, they try to make sure that the packaging is made using no small parts so littering is minimized (Nandos, 2010). A few inefficient business methods that are specific to the Carnegie branch include the washing of dishes and the use of disposable gloves. The bulky dishwasher is used even when there are just a few dishes, which results in wastage of water. Also, workers use disposable gloves which are not made of  renewable resources, and are replaced quite often due to overuse. Evidently, Nando’s has integrated sustainability into its organizational plans. However, with a more concentrated focus on the environment, Nando’s will be able to reduce their impact further, and could position themselves as the industry standard in terms of environmental impact. Current marketing strategies Nando’s main message in its advertising campaigns is the fact that they use fresh chicken that is flame-grilled, not fried. They use this as a point of differentiation to gain an advantage over other fast-food chains, like McDonald’s or KFC (Baker, 2010). With its creative and occasionally controversial marketing campaigns and catchy taglines such as â€Å"Portugasm†, Nando’s targets an educated, younger demographic market. The organization has successfully used social media to connect with their customers, and its website to communicate any new plans, or to inform the public of any events taking place at Nando’s.  Nando’s also uses its store design to complete the brand experience for customers. Wooden tables, soft,fluid lighting and posters showing the history of its unique flavours convey an image of relaxation and a natural, friendly appeal to the brand (Nandos, 2012). Even though the target market may be a young demographic, consumers of all ages and backgrounds visit Nando’s, presumably because of its uniquely cooked chicken. Industry analysis The Australian fast food industry has flourished in the last decade, with industry revenue rising by 4.3% to reach $16,007,400,000 per annum. There were approximately 36,730 fast food establishments in Australia in 2010 (RAPS, 2011). With such a large number of fast food organisations, they definitely have a significant impact on the Australian environment and could make a massive difference if they incorporated sustainability into their business practices. The current macro-environment factors will further examine the current situation and trends in the fast food industry. Political factors – All businesses involved in the production and sale of domestic food products must abide by the guidelines set in the â€Å"Food Standards Australia and New Zealand† (RAPS, 2011). This ensures that all businesses follow at least the minimum requirements for sustainability. – The introduction of the carbon tax has resulted in prices of products like fruits, vegetables, bread and meat will rise (Sebo, 2012), this means all fast food chains including Nando’s will have to raise their prices. Social factors – Consumers nowadays place more importance on preservation of the environment and healthy eating, so businesses must ensure they must deal with these issues (Price & Lawson, 1992) – Fast food continues to be seen as unhealthy and pollutants of the environment (Price & Lawson, 1992). – Fast food businesses are also perceived as litterers by a majority of consumers (Price & Lawson, 1992). Technological factors – A new kind of method of utilizing solar power, referred to as solar thermal, means that power can be stored for a longer period of time as the technology does not rely on direct sunlight (Sorly, n.d.) – Advances in packaging designs so they use less material mean that costs for companies are decreased and they decrease their environmental impact (Joy, 2011). – Progress in the development of water efficient fittings result in reduced water usage for all businesses. Natural factors – Water is a major factor influencing all businesses in Australia, as Australia is the driest inhabited continent in the world (White, 2009). – Growing population means more demand for food, which places more pressure on the sources of fast food businesses (White, 2009). – Depleting sources of fossil fuels, which are the main source of energy in Australia, will result in increased energy prices (White, 2009). Customer analysis There has been a significant increase of fast food consumption in Australia, with traffic to fast food joints increasing by roughly 7% in 2010 (Markey & Watson, 2011). People of all walks of life come to Nando’s, but a majority of them consist of younger people. Majority of consumers who purchase fast food do so for convenience (TheTelegraph, 2007). Therefore, they probably do not consider environmental factors in their purchase decision. However, with the green consumer group growing within Australia, opportunities for going green for businesses are becoming more appealing. In Australia, there are certain trends that define consumers today. Consumers can be divided into certain groups. These include the Value Consumer, the Busy Consumer and the Green Consumer to name a few (ACRS, 2010) The Value Consumer These are consumers who spend their money more wisely, and mostly consider only what they need. This is mainly a consequence of the Global Financial Crisis as consumers have become more cautious in their spending habits. This can be evidenced by the fact that consumer spending in Australia has been decreasing steadily, and this trend looks set to continue (Schwarten, 2012). These customers then force businesses to create value, so as to attract them to their brand. The Busy Consumer These are consumers who are becoming increasingly time-poor and convenience has a major effect on their purchase decisions. They place more emphasis on â€Å"speed, simplicity and convenience† (ACRS, 2010). Time is very valuable to them, so fast food is the ideal choice for these types of consumers. The Green Consumer This has become a growing niche in the market, and identifies those consumers who are more concerned about the environment than other people. They are willing to spend more for products if they know it will help to conserve the environment. They will actively seek out green products or even organic products, and they take into account the environmental practices of the  business before choosing to purchase. This consumer market is continuously growing, with an estimated buying power of US$500 billion in 2007 globally (ACRS, 2010). In Australia, consumers spent around AU$12 billion on environmentally-friendly goods in 2009, and the market reached AU$21 billion by 2010. Australians attitude towards environmental issues Australians are undoubtedly concerned about the environment, but the high costs of going green are stopping them from being very eco-friendly. This is confirmed by the fact that 100% of Gen Y and 91% of Gen X believe in the effects of climate change, according to McCrindle Research (n.d.). However, 65% do not want to pay more than 10% for green products, while only 10% are willing to pay any price. Consumers also feel that environmentally friendly products should cost less than other  products so as to encourage people to buy them (McCrindle, n.d.) Consumers nowadays expect business to be transparent with their activities and to be accountable at every level of business (Davis, 2007). Organizations are also expected to provide accurate information regarding the environmental impact of their products, and to minimize the impact through the use of innovative designs and manufacturing techniques (Savita, 2011). This means a restaurant like Nando’s is expected to provide the information about their environmental impact to customers, and do all they can to protect the environment, and provide safe products to customers. The purpose of this marketing plan is to target the growing Green Consumer market, and to inform the Value Customer of the high level of environmentally friendly business practices taking place at Nando’s Carnegie so as to give them another reason to eat there. Competitor analysis Direct competitors of Nando’s Carnegie include Grill’d, McDonalds, KFC,  Subway and other various dining restaurants due to their geographic proximity to the Nando’s branch. McDonald’s Strengths 1. Participate in the  government’s Energies  Efficiencies  Opportunities Program. 2. Engage in countrywide water saving  programs. 3. McDonald’s has full  control over its supply  chain, which allows it to  incorporate sustainability  into its operations easily. 4. Conduct extensive  research into reducing  the impact of their  packaging, and are a  member of the Australian  Packaging Covenant.  (McDonalds, 2012) Weaknesses 1. The strategies they are undertaking have  not changed their greedy, corporate brand  image (Barriaux, M. 2007) 2. McDonald’s does have a slight perception  of going green in the minds of consumers, but  its actual green performance is much lower  (Streeter, 2011) 3. McDonald’s customers alone produce 6.35  kgs of trash during peak hour. 4. McDonalds, due to its large size, is  susceptible to being sued by individuals or  organisations that see any weakness in their  sustainability efforts e.g. the 1986 court case  (Archives, 2007) 5. Damage the environment extensively from  their production techniques  (EthicalFootprint,2010) Strategies 1. Litter Control program helps  keep the restaurant grounds clean. 2. Restaurant includes rain water  tanks, dual flush toilets and water  restrictors on taps. 3. Use scorecard method for  sustainability targets for its  suppliers to make sure the goals  are being met throughout the  supply chain. 4. Use recyclable material for  packaging, and continuous  research is put into finding new  ways to reduce packaging material.  (McDonalds, 2012) KFC Strengths Weaknesses Strategies 1. Benefit from alliance  with Carbon Trust, as  they provide them with  ideas of green  technologies. 2. Yum! Brands, (KFC’s  parent company) are  always looking for new  ways for environment  sustainability (Yum!  Brands, 2010). KFC  benefits from this as  they have access to all of  the green technologies  that Yum! Brands  develops. 1. KFC has been linked with deforestation  activities in several parts of the world  (Halladay, 2012). 2. KFC has experienced problems with animal  rights groups, hygiene problems at certain  restaurants, and poor working conditions for  workers. This has had an adverse effect on  their brand image. 1. Switched to recyclable material  for packaging in 2009  (EnvironmentalLeader, 2009). 2. All wrappers for chips, burgers,  and cups are put through a dual  waste stream bin, which is then  sorted and sent out to recycle  (KFC, 2012). 3. Dual flush system and waterless  urinals in the restaurant help to  conserve water. 4. Increased insulation for floor,  walls, and ceiling (KFC, 2012) Subway Strengths Weaknesses Strategies 1. Work with  International Purchasing  Companies Ltd to  generate ideas for  environment  sustainability (Subway,  2012). 2. Subways brand motto,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Eat Fresh†Ã‚  complements its  sustainability goals  (Fitzgerald, Brown &  Stewart, 2009). 3. Member of the  Australian Packaging  Covenant, which  provides Subway with  clear goals for reducing  environmental impact  (Subway, 2012) 1. Subway received some bad press for an  incident involving animal cruelty, which may  have damaged their brand image in the minds  of a few consumers (Reale, 2011) 1. Switched to more energy saving  lighting and low flow water  faucets. 2. Furniture and cleaning materials  are made from more sustainable  materials. 3. Majority of the paper packaging  used is completely recyclable.  (Subway, 2012) – Grill’d is also a competitor of the Nandos Carnegie branch. They have a brand image that promotes healthy living and their supply consists of only fresh ingredients. Their Local Matters initiative, which is used to support local charities, is a fundamental part of their corporate social responsibility program (Grilld, 2012) Internal analysis Human Resources The management at Nando’s Carnegie has had experience with Nando’s for quite some time, so they know how to implement any new operations into the business effectively. Also, this Carnegie branch is family-owned so they would be enthusiastic about any positive innovations or advancements. Marketing capabilities Nando’s uses several mediums to reach its consumers. It uses social media such as its own Facebook page and Twitter account. They also re-designed their website to give it a more informal, fun look. Nando’s also advertises in-store with a variety of posters and brochures. Nando’s also utilises TV advertising but not as intensely as the other fast food franchises. Nando’s is known for its somewhat cheeky advertising, and this has improved brand awareness since it first moved to Australia (Squidoo,n.d). Financial Resources Average revenue daily for the Nando’s Carnegie branch is approximately $2,200. So average annual revenue is approximately $791,720. Objectives To incorporate sustainability into Nando’s accounting framework, the Triple Bottom Line will be used. This means that objectives will be formed so as to address business, society and environmental factors. The TBL framework considers people, planet and profit at the core of the business. Objective 1: Reduce overall environmental impact by intensifying focus on water usage, energy usage and packaging material. By doing this, Nando’s Carnegie will aim to achieve a 50% reduction in costs. Objective 2: Increase awareness of Nando’s Carnegie’s environmental efforts by 50% among consumers by December 2014. Green Marketing Strategy Objective 1: Reduce overall environmental impact by intensifying focus on water usage, energy usage and packaging material. By doing this, Nando’s Carnegie will aim to achieve a 50% reduction in costs. Strategy Reduce water usage by 50% by December 2014. Strategy Reduce energy use by 50% by December 2014. Actions 1. Replace existing  dish washer with  dishwasher that has 4  Star Water Efficiency rating. 2. Ensure all employees  use the dishwasher only  for a full load. 3. Install time flow taps  and dual flush toilets. Actions 1. Replace fryer with  energy-efficient fryer  that has earned the  ENERGY STAR. 2. Install ENERGY  STAR convection oven. 3. Add strip curtains and  automatic door closers  to the walk-in  refrigerator to keep  inside temperature low. 4. Install CFL bulbs in  every part of the  restaurant. 5. Install demand based  exhaust control. This  regulates the exhaust fan  speed in the kitchen to  meet ventilation needs. 6. Install energy  efficient Reverse Cycle  Air Conditioner. 7. Install 7 solar panels  on roof of building. Cost $3000- $6000. Time flow taps- $300 each Dual flush toilets- $500 Cost $950- electric $4,400- gas $1,800- electric $ 3,400- gas $5 per bulb. (Times approximately 25 bulbs for the restaurant = $125) $1500 – $2000 $3000- $4000 Through the implementation of these strategies, Nando’s will be able to reduce their overall operating cost. The investment in green technology might have a high initial investment, but will definitely be profitable in the future. For example: – Energy-efficient fryers can save up to $100 for electricity or $470 for gas annually. ENERGY STAR electric ovens can save up to $190 annually CFL bulbs can reduce energy consumption by 75% Cutting down on idle time for the combination oven can save up to $800 annually. By turning down the central cooling by 3 F, air conditioning costs can be reduced by 12-15 percent. The solar panels could help save up to $400 in electricity costs. (Energy Star, 2012) Clearly, these cost savings are quite significant, and a 50% reduction in costs is therefore perfectly realistic. Strategy 4: Nando’s is already committed to eco-friendly packaging practices, as they follow the strict guidelines under the Australian Packaging Covenant. However, Nando’s does not currently work with third-party organizations to improve design and recycling of packaging, they must begin doing so in order to benefit from specialist knowledge that those firms (e.g. The Cardboard Pallet Company) have acquired. Objective 2: Increase awareness by 50% of Nando’s Carnegie’s environmental efforts among consumers by December 2014. Strategy Actions Increase communication efforts  of eco-friendly changes taking  place through a range of  mediums and creative tactics. 1. Change in-store poster design  to a green theme to emphasize  the changes taking place. N/A Cost 2. Advertise in local â€Å"Caulfield  Glen Eira Leader† newspaper  and â€Å"The Daily Green† website  about the restaurant’s green  efforts. 3. Use outdoor banners to  advertise sustainability practices. 4. Distribute brochures inside  store to raise awareness of the  shift to sustainability at  Nando’s. $500 (approximately) $300 ($150 for each banner) $2000 Other strategies that Nando’s could undertake involve: Using their food waste and turn it into compost to use it to grow plants. They could do this by having their own compost recycling operation or send their food waste to a compost facility. Encouraging more eat-ins by providing facts about the environmental impact of packaging to consumers. Using the strategies listed, Nando’s will be able to affect its Triple Bottom Line positively. Through the implementation of the strategies, they will be able to minimise their environmental impact, reduce their costs significantly and improve the store environment for the people who visit the store (i.e. through improved design and having more decorative plants in the store). The achievement of these objectives will show Nando’s devotion to sustainability. References Archives (2007, April 11). McDonalds, Environmental McNasty? Retrieved 27 September, 2012 from http://theconcordian.com/ Baker, R. (2010, June 30). Nandos has lipsmackin’ giveaway plan. Marketing Week. Retrieved from http://www.marketingweek.co.uk/nandos-has-lipsmackin-giveawayplan/3015217.art icle Barriaux, M. (2007, July 05). McDonalds goes green, but not all customers are lovin’ it. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.uk/ Davis, P. (2007, November 13). Is your company naughty or nice? Consumers want to know before buying. Retrieved September 27, 2012 from http://www.marketingexperiments.com/blog/ Energy Star (2012). Energy Star Guide For Restaurants. Retrieved from http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/publications/pubdocs/restaurants_guide.pdf?04bb-ca54 Environmental Leader (2009, January 28). KFC Switches to Earth-Friendly Packaging. Retrieved September 28, 2012 from http://www.environmentalleader.com/ Ethical Footprint (2010, May 14). Unethical companies: McDonalds. Retrieved 27 September, 2012 from http://ethicalfootprint.wordpress.com/ Fitzgerald, T., Brown T. & Stewart E. (2009, April 01). Cover Story: Subway’s Journey to Green. Retrieved September 28, 2012 from http://www.chainalytics.com/wpcontent/uploads/2011/03/2009-04-Subways-Journey-to-Green.pdf Grilld (2012). Retrieved from http://www.grilld.com.au/ Halladay, J. (2012, June 25). Kentucky Fried Chicken Destroying the Rainforests. Retrieved 28 September, 2012 from http://www.the-platform.org.uk/2012/06/25/kentucky-friedchicken-destroying-the-rainforests/ Joy. (2011). 50+ Eco-friendly & Recyclable Packaging Inspiration. Retrieved from http://jayce-o.blogspot.com.au/ KFC (2012). Markey A. & Watson C. (2011, May 27). News.com.au. Retrieved from http://www.news.com.au/ McCrindleResearch (n.d.). Australians on Climate Change: Attitudes and Behaviours. Retrieved from http://mccrindle.com.au/ResearchSummaries/Australians-on-ClimateChange-Attitudes-and-Behaviours.pdf McDonalds (2012). Retrieved from http://mcdonalds.com.au/ Mumbrella. (2010, June 07). Nando’s launches single with Disco Montego in lead up to World Cup. Retrieved September 25, 2012 from http://mumbrella.com.au/nandos-launchessingle-with-disco-montego-in-lead-up-to-world-cup-27672 Nandos. (2010). Action Plan: Implementing the Sustainable Packaging Guidelines 2010-2015 (Australian Packaging Covenant). Retrieved September 25, 2012 from http://www.nandos.com.au/sites/default/files/nandos-australia-apc-action-plan.pdf Nandos. (2012). Retrieved September 24, 2012 from http://www.nandos.com.au/aboutus/nandos-australia Price, S. & Lawson, J. (1992). Nutritional and Environmental Issues in Fast Food. Nutrition and Food Science. 92(2), 4-10. Reale, R. (2011, July 15). Nike and Subway, like NFL, Support Animal Cruelty and Torture. Retrieved September 28, 2012 from http://realetybytes.com/ Retail and personal services training council (2011, n.d). Fast Food Environmental Scan 2011. Retrieved from http://rapstc.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Fast-Food-EnvironmentalScan-2011.pdf Savita, H. (2011). EMERGING ISSUES IN CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY: ISO GUIDANCE ON SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY TOWARD CONSUMERS: IMPLICATIONS FOR MARKETERS. AMA Summer Educators’ Conference Proceedings. 22, 109-116. Schwarten, E. (2012, September 20). Consumer Spending falls again, Commonwealth Bank of Australia says. Retrieved September 26, 2012 from http://www.news.com.au/ Sebo, T. (2012, July 03). Carbon Tax: The Great Unknown. Gouldburn Post. Retrieved from http://www.goulburnpost.com.au/ Sorly, P. (n.d). The Top 5 Green Technology Breakthroughs. Retrieved September 25, 2012 from http://greenopolis.com/ Squidoo (n.d.) Nando’s Franchise. Retrieved from http://www.squidoo.com/nandos-franchise Streeter, A. (2011, August 10). â€Å"Best† Green Brands List Implies That Greenwash Works. Retrieved September

Emerson Documented Paper essays

Emerson Documented Paper essays EMERSONS PHILOSOPHY OF ROMANTIC IDEALISM A psychological writer such as Ralph Waldo Emerson can be analyzed and interpreted in several different ways. A few things that may affect the way that people interpret Emerson are past experiences, time period, and social climate. Emerson has proven to be one of the most influential writers of the Romantic time period and his ideas and writings still have an active role in social views today. Emerson has published works such as Compensation, Self-Reliance, and his first published essay Nature, published in 1836. These essays serve as a gathering of Emersons ideas and morals about man and how man reacts to the world that he lives in. Emerson says, "Good and bad are but names very readily transferable to that or this; the only right is what is after my constitution, the only wrong is against it" (Manley 1). Emerson explains his cocky point of view in this quotation about good and bad. Romanticism for Emerson was a period of time that broke down old social barriers and set new standards for society. The general attitude toward man was drastically changed; the individual became the center of life and experience. Everything that happened revolved around the individual and directly affected the individual. Also, the belief that mans experiences shape his personality and overall life was formed during Romanticism. The core of man was viewed as strictly emotion and inner perception of truth. Mans inner world was a heavily studied topic from which creativity and imagination emerged. Nature and the past were two other heavily studied parts of human life. Emerson stated that nature is a machine that can develop and change, it is beautiful yet mysterious, and most importantly many spiritual and moral lessons can be learned through experiences with nature. In other words, nature shows a parallel to man and therefore man can dir...

92 Paolo Faccini Dori â€v- Recreb Srl (1994) The WritePass Journal

A Critical Analysis of Case C-91/92 Paolo Faccini Dori –v- Recreb Srl (1994) Executive Summary A Critical Analysis of Case C-91/92 Paolo Faccini Dori –v- Recreb Srl (1994) Executive Summary Facts of the Case Decision of the Case Beyond the Approach in FacciniConclusions ReferencesRelated Executive Summary EU directives are considered not to have horizontal direct effect, i.e. the provisions of the European directive cannot be relied upon by private individuals, when it comes to a legal dispute where they have not been transposed by member states into international law. This was the position in the case in question, here, of Faccini and has been largely supported by future case law and academic analysis in this area. Despite this, there have been some cases which argue that there should be a direct effect[1]. Although these have been distinguished on a matter of fact between the position in Faccini and the decisions reached in later cases, it is argued, here, that the basic rule remains current and good law, albeit with an element of uncertainty, particularly where there is an aspect of public law and order and an obligation on the member states, rather than it being downplayed as a purely contractual relationship between the individual parties. Facts of the Case EU Directive 85/577[2] places a requirement on member states to protect consumers when they are entering into contracts which are negotiated away from the business place, for example, over the phone or, more recently, this would apply to internet-based purchases. This offers a right to cancellation and although there is a degree of flexibility offered to member states in how they ensure that consumers are protected in this way (article 4 and article 5 of directive), there are still minimum rights being afforded to consumers in this situation; the precise terms may also vary from member states to member state, in terms of how the consumers are informed of this right. However, fundamentally, the right is still present[3]. In this case, Faccini Dori contracted with Interdiffusion Srl, in order to purchase an English language course. However, she later attempted to cancel the purchase because, in the meantime, the provision of the course had been assigned to Recreb Srl, who then sued Faccini Dori for the cost of the course which she had failed to pay, as she wished to cancel her purchase. Faccini Dori argued that she would have been entitled to cancel the contract, as it had been a business arrangement made outside of the business premises, under the EU directive; however, it was the failure of the Italian government to implement the contents of the directive, which meant that the provisions did not seemingly apply in the case of Recreb Srl. The question, therefore, arose as to whether or not this directive had horizontal directive effect, thus enabling the individual to rely on the directive when dealing with a dispute between two private individuals. The weakness in the Faccini’s argument was b ased on the fact that the directive had not been implemented and the question arose as to whether or not an unimplemented directive can be relied upon as, had it been implemented, it would be part of Italian law in any event. Decision of the Case In this case, relying on the Marshall case, it was held that Faccini could not rely on the directive, as it has not been implemented into Italian law and therefore it was not possible for individuals to apply the rules contained within the directive, as this lacked horizontal directive applicability and could not therefore be used as the basis for a legal action[4]. According to Article 249 (was 189 at the time of the case) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, a European directive is binding on the member states, in terms of achieving the objectives of the directive, but that it is up to member states to determine how this will apply in their jurisdiction. The argument, therefore, arose as to whether or not this means that the directive enables individuals to rely on the concept of the directive in a private action, even where the member state had failed to transpose the directive into national law. In this case, however, it was held that the directive was applicable vertically and could be seen to impose an obligation on the member states, but not be used by individuals in a horizontal plane i.e. between private parties. As noted in the cited case of Marshall[5], the Faccini case relied on this and argued that, whilst it would be possible for private individuals to bring an action against the state for their failure to enact the provisions of the directive, it could not be used as the basis of legal action between the two individuals. Beyond the Approach in Faccini Although the rules laid out in the Faccini case seemed to state clearly that a non-enacted directive could not be relied upon by a private individual, although there has been some future debate as to whether case law has made inroads into this strict position. Case law has developed in this area to such an extent that it creates a situation where it would be possible to have a direct effect or direct link between individuals, even when they have not been transposed into national law[6]. Take, for example, the case relating to CIA Security[7], where an argument arose between three private individuals all of whom were competitors in the provision of security systems. In this argument, it was alleged that CIA Security was not suitably authorised and therefore should not be selling alarm systems, under Belgian law. An argument was presented by CIA that there had been unfair trading practices based on the fact that adopting the requirements to be authorised without notification was a breach of directive 83/189, article 8[8]. It was argued, in this case, that it was possible for the individuals to rely on the provisions of this directive as part of the case of the national court. In this situation, the court held that the provisions of the directive could be relied upon, which seemed to go against the decision in Faccini. As part of the judgement, Advocate Elmer distinguished from the Faccini case by stating that the provisions in directive 83/189 had been written in such a way that there were duties being imposed on the member state, whereas the directive in the Faccini case had placed the requirement on the individuals, alone, and not with the relationship between individuals. A better update emerged in the Unilever case[9]. This case dealt with a contractual relationship between two parties and a boundary dispute between Unilever and Central Food whereby Unilever had been supplying olive oil to Central Food. However, Central Food then took issue with Unilever, given the fact that the oils had not been labelled correctly, so they were no longer in compliance with the appropriate Italian law. As a result, Central Food stated that it would not pay for the oil delivered by Unilever. Unilever’s counterargument was that, although the Italian government had observed certain parts of the provisions of directive 83/189, the actual national law had not taken into account article 9 of the directive and therefore should not have been enacted and should not be applied. In this case, it was held that as the directive had been misapplied and this had resulted in a national standard which was opposed to the directive, national standards could not therefore be applied and could not be enforced against individuals. Certain distinctions were drawn between the Unilever and the CIA case, primarily based on the fact that it was a contractual relationship between the parties and was not linked to arguments associated with unfair trade practices and thus allowed the decisions to be distinguished from the case of Faccini. The difficulty going forward, therefore, is how cases such as the CIA case can potentially create a situation where there is horizontal direct effect to directives allowing private parties to rely upon the provisions of any unimplemented directive, in order to impact on their own personal dispute. On the face of it, therefore, it would appear that the CIA case had indeed created a situation whereby the basic ruling in the Faccini case could be softened. The main argument for this development is that, in the CIA case, there is a public law element, as there had been a failure on behalf of the member state, rather than a pure issue of private law such as contractual relations[10]. Conclusions There are clear difficulties when it comes to reconciling the basic provision laid out in Marshall and the Faccini cases; however, although it has been argued that there is a public law element in the cases which have been decided in a different way from the Faccini case, the net result is that this creates a different relationship between private individuals. Despite this, it is contended here that the basic rule in Faccini, in that the directive does not have horizontal direct effect, and therefore cannot be relied upon as a legal basis for action between private individuals, remains. There is, however, the need to consider cases such as CIA, which can create at least some uncertainty as to whether or not this will be strictly applied, in all situations. References Case C-194/94, CIA Security International SA v. Signalson SA and Securitel SPRL [1996] ECR1-2201, para. 13-15. Case 152/84, Marshall v. Southampton and South-West Hampshire Area Health Authority (Teaching) [1986] ECR 723, para. 48. Case C-91/92 Paolo Faccini Dori –v- Recreh Srl (1994) Case C-443/98, Unileverltalia SpA v. Central Food SpA [2000] ECR1-7535. Council Directive (EC) 85/577 Consumer Protection in the Case of Contracts Negotiated Away from Business Premises Council Directive (EC) 83/189 laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical standards and regulations Michael. Dougan, The Disguised Vertical Direct Effect of Directives?, The Cambridge Law Journal, 2000, vol. 59(3), pp.586-612 at 587 Paul Craig, Directives: Direct Effect, Indirect Effect and the Construction of National Legislation, EL Rev., 1997, vol. 22, pp.519-538 at 519. Paul Craig and Grainne de Burca, EU Law Text, Cases, and Materials, (3rd Ed., Oxford University Press, United Kingdom 2003), p.202, 203 Stephen Weatherhill, Breach of Directives and Breach of Contract, EL Rev., 2001, vol.26, pp. 177-186 at 182.

Aspirin Use and Pancreatic Cancer Mortality in a large United States Essay

Aspirin Use and Pancreatic Cancer Mortality in a large United States Cohort - Essay Example Jacobs et al. examined the association between these two through the Cancer Prevention Study II (CPS II), a large group of U. S. adults. In the past, aspirin use had been shown to decrease the risk of colon, stomach, and esophageal cancer in the same group. The group consisted of 1,184,588 people in all, with 508,318 males and 676,270 females who came from all U.S. states as well as the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico (Jacobs et al. 2004, p. 524). In 1982, the group completed a four page questionnaire that gave data regarding â€Å"demographics characteristics and various behavioral, environmental, occupational, and dietary factors† (Jacobs et al., 2004, p. 524-525). In 1982, 1984, 1986 and 2000 follow ups were conducted to see if the group members were alive or dead. It was found that 28.1% of them had died and 0.2% could not be traced, whereas 71.7% were alive. A few of the participants had been excluded from the study based on their cancer history, cigarette smoking, o r missing data on aspirin use. Resultantly, 987,590 participants were left, out of which 4577 died from pancreatic cancer (Jacobs et al., 2004, p. 525). Statistics were gathered using the information given by the participants in their 1982 questionnaires, and the Cox model of proportional hazards was used to analyze the ratio of deaths caused by pancreatic cancer, and other potential risk factors, for instance cigarette smoking, dietary habits and family history of pancreatic cancer, were adjusted in the findings (Jacobs et al., 2004, p. 525). The frequency of aspirin intake was also taken into account, and it was discovered that most of those who took aspirin regularly, i.e. more than 30 times a month, were older and white, just like the majority of participants, who were mostly middle aged or elderly and white (Jacobs et al., 2004, p. 526). The results showed that there was no relationship between aspirin use and pancreatic cancer mortality. The result was similar

Comparison Asian American History Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Comparison Asian American History - Case Study Example    He uses the metaphor of the family picture album, full of old pictures of family members that evoke both good and bad memories. He recognizes that this metaphor can only go so far, since instead of using visual pictures of his subjects and their families, he uses oral accounts taken from a variety of oral sources. Okihiro recognizes that he has â€Å"mixed my metaphors† (95), as he puts it. Instead of being an inferior way to present history as he intimidates, however, it is one of the best way to recount the history of Asian Americans. It is the use of oral history and of autobiography, a common way that the histories of people of color and women have been presented throughout history. Oral history and autobiography have traditionally been used to recount the histories of marginalized and oppressed peoples because they have not been able to access more traditional history. The slave narrative, for example, is one of the earliest forms of American autobiography. As Africa n American scholar Joanne M. Braxton (1986) states, the purpose of the slave narrative was not only to present the oral histories of slaves in America, but as a tool for abolitionists seeking to end slavery. In many cases, the autobiographies of former slaves were accompanied by prefaces written by white abolitionists to provide them with credibility to white readers. Modern African American writers like Maya Angelou and Richard Wright continued the tradition of using autobiography to present their histories. Other minority groups in America have used autobiography and oral histories for similar purposes. This is certainly true of the presentation of the history of Asian Americans. Another common way to present the history of Asian Americans and other minority groups has been to present them in fictionalized forms. This has been done effectively by Milton Mirayama (1998) in his critically acclaimed, beautifully written, and poignant novel, All I Asking for is My Body. Murayama wrote the first draft of the novel while a student at Columbia University. It was first published as a short story entitled â€Å"I’ll Crack Your Head Kotsun† and published in the Arizona Quarterly in 1959. The story became the first chapter of All I Asking for is My Body and was published in 1968, in a Hawaiian anthology. It was not well received at first, but received critical acclaim and became a cult classic when the University of Hawaii published it in 1988 (Kim, 2005). All I Asking for is My Body reads like a classic autobiography. The novel, including the title, is written in modified pidgin, but is readable by non-pidgin speakers. Murayama seems to understand that he is writing more than just a novel, and that he is presenting Japanese culture and what life was like for Japanese immigrants in Hawaii in the years just prior to and during World War II. Consequently, he spends a great deal of time explaining his language use.  Ã‚