tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5560812010331982182024-02-20T17:38:36.107-08:00Papers for moneyMikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02479523641975697641noreply@blogger.comBlogger230125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-556081201033198218.post-86365055106897360902020-08-27T12:16:00.001-07:002020-08-27T12:16:06.399-07:00World Energy Consumption Essay ExampleWorld Energy Consumption Essay World vitality utilization in 2010: over 5% development [6] Energy markets have consolidated emergency recuperation and solid industry dynamism . Vitality utilization in the G20 took off by over 5% in 2010, after the slight decline of 2009. This solid increment is the consequence of two uniting patterns. Onthe one-hand, industrialized nations, which experienced sharp abatements in vitality request in 2009, recuperated solidly in 2010, practically returning to verifiable patterns. Oil, gas, coal, and power markets followed the equivalent trend.On the other hand, China and India, which gave no indications of easing back down in 2009, proceeded with their serious interest for all types of vitality. In 2009, world vitality utilization diminished without precedent for a long time (- 1. 1%) or 130 Mtoe (Megaton oil proportional), because of the monetary and financial emergency (GDP drop by 0. 6% in 2009). [7] This development is the aftereffect of two differentiating patterns. Vitality uti lization development stayed overwhelming in a few creating nations, explicitly in Asia (+4%). Then again, in OECD, utilization was seriously cut by 4. 7% in 2009 and was in this way practically down to its 2000 levels.In North America, Europe and CIS, utilizations shrank by 4. 5%, 5% and 8. 5% separately because of the lull in monetary action. China turned into the universes biggest vitality customer (18% of the aggregate) since its utilization flooded by 8% during 2009 (from 4% in 2008). Oil remained the biggest vitality source (33%) regardless of the way that its offer has been diminishing after some time. Coal posted a developing job on the planets vitality utilization: in 2009, it represented 27% of the aggregate. In 2008, all out overall vitality utilization was 474 exajoules (474? 1018 J=132,000 TWh).This is comparable to a normal yearly force utilization pace of 15 terawatts (1. 504? 1013 W)[1] The potential for sustainable power source is: sun based vitality 1600 EJ (444,000 TWh), wind power 600 EJ (167,000 TWh), geothermal vitality 500 EJ (139,000 TWh), biomass 250 EJ (70,000 TWh), hydropower 50 EJ (14,000 TWh) and sea vitality 1 EJ (280 TWh). [8] World vitality assets and utilization survey the world vitality assets and use. The greater part of the vitality has been devoured over the most recent two decades since the modern transformation, in spite of advances in effectiveness and manageability. 9] According to IEA world measurements in four years (2004ââ¬2008) the total populace expanded 5%, yearly CO2 discharges expanded 10% and gross vitality creation expanded 10%. [10] Most vitality is utilized in the nation of beginning, since it is less expensive to move last items than crude materials. In 2008 the offer fare of the all out vitality creation by fuel was: oil half (1,952/3,941 Mt), gas 25% (800/3,149 bcm ), hard coal 14% (793/5,845 Mt) and power 1% (269/20,181 TWh). [11] Most of the universes vitality assets are from the suns beams hitting ear th.Some of that vitality has been saved as fossil vitality, some is straightforwardly or in a roundabout way usable; for instance, by means of wind, hydro-or wave power. The term sun oriented steady is the measure of approaching sun powered electromagnetic radiation per unit region, estimated on the external surface of Earths environment, in a plane opposite to the beams. The sun powered consistent incorporates a wide range of sun powered radiation, not simply noticeable light. It is estimated by satellite to be approximately 1366 watts for each square meter, however it changes by around 6. 9% during a yearââ¬from 1412 W m? toward the beginning of January to 1321 W m? 2 toward the beginning of July, because of the Earths shifting good ways from the sun, and by a couple of parts for every thousand from everyday. For the entire Earth, with a cross segment of 127,400,000 km2, the all out vitality rate is 174 petawatts (1. 740? 1017 W), give or take 3. 5%. This worth is the complete p ace of sun oriented vitality got by the planet; about half, 89 PW, arrives at the Earths surface. [citation needed] The assessments of remaining non-sustainable overall vitality assets shift, with the staying non-renewable energy sources totaling an expected 0. YJ (1 YJ = 1024J) and the accessible atomic fuel, for example, uranium surpassing 2. 5 YJ. Petroleum derivatives extend from 0. 6 to 3 YJ if evaluations of stores of methane clathrates are precise and turn out to be in fact extractable. The all out vitality transition from the sun is 3. 8 YJ/yr, overshadowing all non-inexhaustible assets. |Contents | |1 Emissions | |2 Primary vitality | |2. 1 Fossil fills | |2. 2 Coal | 2. 3 Oil | |2. 4 Gas | |2. 5 Nuclear force | |2. 6 Renewable vitality | |2. 6. 1 Hydropower | |2. 6. 2 Biomass and biofuels | |2. 6. 3 Wind power | |2. 6. 4 Solar force | |2. 6. 5 Geothermal | |3 By nation | 4 By division | |5 Alternative vitality ways | |6 See additionally | |7 References | |8 Further perusin g | |9 External connections | Emissions The a worldwide temperature alteration emanations are the most genuine worldwide natural issue. Accordingly numerous countries have consented to the UN arrangement to forestall a perilous impact in the atmosphere framework. What is perilous focus is a subject of debate.Limiting worldwide temperature ascend at 2%, considered as a high hazard level by Stockholm Environmental Institute, requests 75% decrease in carbon emanations in the mechanical nations by 2050, if the populace is 10 mrd in 2050. [12] 75% in 40 years is about 2% decline each year. As 2011, the warming outflows of vitality creation kept rising paying little mind to the agreement of the essential issue. There is a 25ââ¬30 years slack in the total warming impact of discharges. Accordingly human exercises have made effectively a 1,5 à °C temperature rise (2006). 13] According to Robert Engelman (Worldwatch organization) for security progress needs to stop increment of outflows in side 10 years paying little heed to economy and populace state (2009). [14] Primary vitality |World vitality and force gracefully (TWh)[15] | |Energy |Power | |1990 |102,569 |11,821 | |2000 |117,687 |15,395 | |2005 |133,602 |18,258 | |2008 |143,851 |20,181 | |Source: IEA/OECD | Energy by power source 2008[16] | |TWh | % | |Oil |48,204 |33,5% | |Coal |38,497 |26,8% | |Gas |30,134 |20,9% | |Nuclear |8,283 |5,8% | |Hydro |3,208 |2,2% | |Other RE* |15,284 |10,6% | |Others |241 |0,2% | |Total |143,851 |100% | |Source: IEA *'=solar, wind, geothermal and biofuels | The United States Energy Information Administration normally distributes a report on world utilization for most sorts of essential vitality assets. As per IEA all out world vitality gracefully was 102,569 TWh (1990); 117,687 TWh (2000); 133,602 TWh (2005) and 143,851 TWh (2008).World force age was 11,821 TWh (1990); 15,395 TWh (2000); 18,258 TWh (2005) and 20,181 TWh (2008). Contrasted with power gracefully 20,181 TWh the force end utilize was just 16,819 TWh in 2008 including EU27: 2 857 TWh, China 2 883 TWh and USA 4 533 TWh. In 2008 vitality use for every individual was in the USA 4,1 overlay, EU 1,9 overlap and Middle East 1,6 crease the world normal and in China 87% and India 30% of the world normal. [17] In 2008 vitality gracefully by power source was oil 33. 5%, coal 26. 8%, gas 20. 8% (fossil 81%), inexhaustible (hydro, sun based, wind, geothermal force and biofuels) 12. 9%, atomic 5. 8% and other 4%. Oil was the most famous vitality fuel. Oil and coal joined spoke to over 60% of the world vitality flexibly in 2008.Since the yearly vitality gracefully increment has been high, e. g. 2007ââ¬2008 4,461 TWh, contrasted with the all out atomic force end utilize 2,731 TWh[18][16] natural activists, similar to Greenpeace, bolster increment of vitality productivity and sustainable power source limit. These are likewise increasingly more tended to in the worldwide understandings and national Energy Action Plans, similar to the EU 2009 Renewable Energy Directive and relating national plans. The worldwide sustainable power source gracefully expanded from 2000 to 2008 altogether 3,155 TWh, additionally more than the atomic force utilize 2,731 TWh in 2008. [19] The vitality assets beneath show the broad stores of sustainable power source. Provincial vitality use (kWh/hab)[20][21] | |kWh/capita |Population (milj) | |Fuel type |Average power in TW[22] | Fossil powers Main article: Fossil fuel |Regional coal gracefully (TWh) and offer 2009 (%)[23] | The twentieth century saw a fast twentyfold increment in the utilization of non-renewable energy sources. Somewhere in the range of 1980 and 2006, the overall yearly development rate was 2%. 1] According to the US Energy Information Administrations 2006 gauge, the assessed 471. 8 EJ all out utilization in 2004 was partitioned as follows, with petroleum derivatives providing 86% of the universes vitality: Coal energized the modern upset in the e ighteenth and nineteenth century. With the appearance of the car, planes and the spreading utilization of power, oil turned into the prevailing fuel during the twentieth century. The development of oil as the biggest petroleum product was additionally empowered by consistently dropping costs from 1920 until 1973. After the oil stuns of 1973 and 1979, during which the cost of oil expanded from 5 to 45 US dollars for every barrel, there was a move away from oil. 24] Coal, petroleum gas, and atomic turned into the powers of decision for power age and preservation estimates expanded vitality effectiveness. In the U. S. the normal vehicle dramatically increased the quantity of miles per gallon. Japan, which endured the worst part of the oil stuns, made fabulous upgrades and now has the most elevated vitality productivity on the planet. [25] From 1965 to 2008, the utilization of non-renewable energy sources has kept on developing and a lot of the vitality flexibly has expanded. From 2003 to 2008, coal, which is probably the dirtiest wellspring of energy,[26] was the quickest developing petroleum derivative. [27] Coal In 2000 coal was utilized in China 28%, other Asia 19%,North America 25% and the EU 14%.In 2009 the portion of China was 47%. [23] [edit] Oil |Regional oil flexibly (TWh) and offer 2009 (%)[28] | The utilization of oil multiplied in China during 2000ââ¬2009. In 2009 the utilization of oil was in the EU 1,6 crease and North America 2. 5 overlap contrasted with China. [28] [edit] Gas |Regional gas flexibly (TWh)[29] | In 2009 the world utilization of gas was 131% contrasted with year 2000. 66% of the this development was outside EU, North America Latin A Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02479523641975697641noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-556081201033198218.post-5578887362792736922020-08-22T11:51:00.001-07:002020-08-22T11:51:30.945-07:00Characteristics of a Good EditorAttributes of a Good Editor You dont need to work for a magazine or paper to profit by the assistance of a decent editorial manager. Regardless of whether she appears nit-fastidious with her line alters, recall that the editorial manager is your ally. A decent editorial manager tends to your composing style and innovative substance, among numerous different subtleties. Altering styles will differ, so discover an editorial manager that gives you the sheltered space to be innovative and commit errors simultaneously.â The Editor and the Writer Carl Sessions Stepp, the creator of Editing for Todays Newsroom, accepts editors should rehearse restriction and forgo quickly reshaping the substance in their own pictures. He has prompted editors to peruse an article entirely through, open your brain to the rationale of the [writers] approach, and offer in any event insignificant politeness to the expert who has dribbled blood for it.â Jill Geisler of The Poynter Institute says an essayist must have the option to believe that a supervisor regards the scholars responsibility for story and can oppose the impulse to totally compose a better than ever form. Says Geisler, Thats fixing, not training. ... At the point when you fix stories by doing moment revamps, there might be a rush in flaunting your expertise. By instructing scholars, you find better approaches to create duplicate. Gardner Botsford of The New Yorker magazine says that a decent proofreader is a specialist, or skilled worker, while a decent author is a craftsman, including that that the less equipped the essayist, the stronger the fights over altering. Manager As Critical Thinker Manager in-boss Mariette DiChristina says editors must be sorted out, ready to see the structure where it doesn't exist and ready to distinguish the missing pieces or holes in rationale that unite the composition. [M]ore than being acceptable scholars, editors must be acceptable basic masterminds who can perceive and assess great composing [or who] can make sense of how to benefit as much as possible from the not all that great composition. ... [A] great manager needs a sharp eye for detail, composes DiChristina.à A Quiet Conscience The amazing, timid, solid willed proofreader of The New Yorker, William Shawn, composed that it is one of the comic weights of [an] editorial manager not to have the option to disclose to any other individual precisely what he does. An editorial manager, composes Shawn, should possibly guide when the essayist demands it, following up now and again as an inner voice and helping the author in any capacity conceivable to state what he needs to state. Shawn composes that crafted by a decent proofreader, similar to crafted by a decent instructor, doesn't uncover itself straightforwardly; it is reflected in the achievements of others. A Goal-Setter Author and manager Evelynne Kramer state the best editorial manager is persistent and consistently remembers the drawn out objectives with the essayist and not exactly what they see on the screen. Says Kramer, We would all be able to show signs of improvement at what we do, however improvement once in a while takes a ton of time and, as a general rule, in fits and starts. A Partner Manager in-boss Sally Lee says the perfect editorial manager draws out the best in an author and permits a writersâ voiceâ to radiate through. A decent editorial manager causes an essayist to feel tested, eager and important. A proofreader is just in the same class as her essayists, says Lee. An Enemy of Cliches Media feature writer and correspondent David Carr said the best editorsâ are the enemiesâ of clichã ©s and tropes, yet not the overburdened essayist who sporadically falls back on them. Carr expressed that the ideal qualities of a decent supervisor are decision making ability, a fitting bedside way and a capacity to summon incidental enchantment in the space among author and editorial manager. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02479523641975697641noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-556081201033198218.post-812551229028112562020-08-21T09:33:00.001-07:002020-08-21T09:33:24.578-07:00How to Find Cheap College Papers For SaleHow to Find Cheap College Papers For SaleLooking for college papers for sale is a great way to be able to relieve your financial burden of buying books. Instead of taking out multiple credit cards for textbooks and rental fees, you can just pay one bill and save money on the rest of the purchases as well.The Internet is a great resource to purchase any type of item. You can find a number of vendors on the web who are willing to sell items to people who need them. Depending on your budget, you can purchase anything from furniture to tools to apparel to electronics. Even college papers for sale can be found online.College papers for sale are usually very affordable, but if you want to get an actual store-bought variety, they can also be found at wholesale prices. To get this type of merchandise, simply search for wholesale sellers on the Internet. Many of these companies offer their products to various retailers, so if you are searching for college papers for sale, you will find plenty of places that sell them. You will also find many others in the same area who are selling their own items.When searching for college papers for sale, you will want to look for paper products that are affordable and easy to use. If you are using the Internet to purchase, you may be able to find websites where you can purchase the paper directly through the manufacturer, for a discounted price. Some online vendors offer an easy way to compare the prices from one vendor to another. Another option is to check the wholesale sites, where you can also compare prices between different vendors.Because you will have a large selection of paper products, you should be able to find exactly what you need at the lowest price. You do not want to pay over the price for a certain type of paper. Once you have found the paper that meets your needs, you can make any necessary changes to the design and layout of the paper to match your needs.There are a number of ways to go about purchasing paper online . Most people will choose to purchase the paper on the Internet because it is convenient and it is a good option for when you are limited financially. You can also take advantage of online coupons, which means you do not have to wait for them to get in the mail. You can save yourself the hassle of going to a store to purchase the paper, and you can save money by using coupons.There are a number of things you can do to increase the longevity of your papers, and this includes checking out the durability of the paper. While it is important to have the best-looking paper, you should also consider the durability of the paper when shopping for the same. It is important to make sure you are getting quality paper that is durable, because there are a number of products out there that are not of high quality.There are many places that you can go to get college papers for sale, whether you are looking for them online or at a store. You can search the Internet for the companies that sell paper products, and you can find many other places where you can purchase the same. If you are limited on your budget, or if you want to be able to change your paper design, you can still find great prices on the paper you need. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02479523641975697641noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-556081201033198218.post-51539333396930751982020-05-25T18:07:00.001-07:002020-05-25T18:07:03.864-07:00Colgan Air And Continental Connection Flight 3407 Air Crash Broward Community College Colgan air/Continental Connection Flight 3407 Air Crash Hugo M. Minaya ASC 2320 Aviation Law Professor Mike Nonnemacher 5 August 2013 Hugo M. Minaya ASC 2320 Aviation Law Professor Mike Nonnemacher November 25, 2016 Colgan air/Continental Connection Flight 3407 Air Crash One of the most controversial and important air crash linked to human error of the modern world happened on the night of February 12, 2009. Colgan air flight 3407, operated by Continental Connection, was on final approach to runway 23 at Buffalo-Niagara International Airport as it disappeared from radar. The aircraft was a Bombardier Dash 8, a popular twin engine medium range turboprop Airliner used by many regional carriers. The aircraft entered an uncontrollable stall crashing into to a neighborhood 5 miles northeast of the airport killing all everyone on souls on board. The Captain, Marvin Resnlow and first officer Rebecca Lynne were behind the controls the night of the accident. The NTSB report determined error by both pilots cause the aircraft to crash. Thus, pilot fatigues, improper recovery form a stall were contributing factors. The victimââ¬â¢s family members pushed for congress to overhaul airline regulations. The NTBS investigation delivery multiple findings that eventually led to a modernization of airline operations and pilot training. The NTSB concluded both pilots were suffering from sleep deprivation and fatigue and eventually led to make errors duringShow MoreRelatedPromoting a Skillful, Safe Cockpit Essay1235 Words à |à 5 Pageson a regional carrier up to 1500 total flight hours as well as requires those persons to do an extensive Air Transport Pilots examination. Although some parts of this law encourage safety, in the aviation industry it has the potential to cripple it because of the predicted shortage of pilots in the coming years, lost interest of young pilots, potential higher prices for consumers, loss of jobs. All of this for a law, that if it was enacted before the crash would not have the prevented it. The viewRead More A Problem for the Aviation Industry Essay1432 Words à |à 6 Pagesenhance airline safety and in part prevent an accident of this nature from occurring again (U.S. House 2010). Section 217 of the bill pushes the minimum hours required to act as a pilot on a regional carrier up to 1,500 total flight hours and requires those persons to do an extensive Air Transport Pilots examination (U.S. House 2010). Although some parts of this law encourage safety, it has the potential to cripple the aviation industry. This is so because of the predicted shortage of pilots in the comingRead MoreReview of the Relevant Literature and Industry Specific Barriers2006 Words à |à 9 Pagesscope of aviation. Training institutions who teach 141/142 training programs foster critical thinking and technological skills through ground based instruction as well as learner activities such as simulation. The opportunity for students to practice flight in a safe manner in todayââ¬â¢s high-risk , complex training environment is limited to situations involving high-risk maneuvers not ideal for student learning experiences to be simulated. Simulations give students opportunities to perform high-risk maneuversRead MoreHow Unionism Has Impacted the Airline Industry in Us4934 Words à |à 20 Pagessummarize main points of how they have impacted and affected this industry overall. 1. Overview of the air transportation sector In spite of many challenges, air travel remains one of the most popular transportation mean in the United States, expanding from 172 million passengers in 1970 to 757 million passengers in 20081 (Bureau labor of statistics, 2000). There were at that time, 19 mainline air carriers that use large passenger jets (more than 90 seats); 67 regional carriers that use smaller piston Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02479523641975697641noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-556081201033198218.post-85105710143098511652020-05-15T00:27:00.001-07:002020-05-15T00:27:03.541-07:00Two Features of the Photo-Electric Effect Essay - 2277 Words The photo electric effect, which was first documented by Einstein in 1905, and posited that the energy of liberated electrons is linearly dependent on the frequency of incident photons. This paper investigates this relationship and measures Plancks constant ($4.36\pm 0.04\e{-21}$MeVs), and the work function of the photo diode ($-1.52\pm0.02$V). Another phenomena which is checked is the charging time of the stopping potential voltage. While there was some dependence between stopping voltage and intensity, this effect is mostly systematic. Both of these experiments provide evidence that the energy imparted by incident photons is dependent on the frequency, and the number of photo electrons is dependent on the number ofâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦This gives the following relationship: \begin{equation} \label{eq:linearPE} V = \frac{h}{e}\nu - \frac{W_o}{e} \end{equation} This allows the measurement of the stopping voltage as a function of frequency. Fixing the elementary charge ($e$) as a known, this allows for an experimental determination of Plancks constant ($h$) and the work function of the material ($W_o$). This paper examines two scenarios. The first is a fit to the data using (\ref{eq:linearPE}) to measure $h$ and $W_o$. The second scenario investigates the time dependence of the charge development as a function of intensity. \subsection{Theory} The photo-electric effect is explained in the following situation. Photons with an energy $h\nu$ are incident on a material which can be characterized by a work function $W_o$. This work function represents the amount of energy required to liberate an electron from the atom. The effect postulates a number of experimental results which are easily tested. One is that the work function $W_o$ is independent of the intensity of the incident photons. Here we define intensity as a number density rather than something which scales with the amplitude of the incident electromagnetic waves. This means that the energy of the ejected photons will be independent of the number of incident photons because each electron ejected will be related to the incident photon energy. Conversely, this predicts that the number of liberatedShow MoreRelatedSolar Energy And Solar Power1492 Words à |à 6 Pageselectricity and heat. The capacity of solar radiation a place receives depends on a variety of factors such as geographic location, time of day, season, and local weather. According to Knier (n.d.) photo voltaic and concentrating solar power cells are the two forms of sources to produce electricity. Photo voltaic cells generate electricity directly using solar cells and concentrated solar power cells generate electricity using steam. According to The World Bank - for the past three years, India hasRead MoreIntroduction: Now days the renewable energy is utilized in many forms. It exist in forms of various900 Words à |à 4 Pagesin this essay I am going to talk about the solar car, its component , advantages and disadvantages of it and development of solar cars. solar car and itââ¬â¢s components solar cars are vehicle which used for land transport. It is an electric vehicle powered by solar energy obtained from solar panels. It consist from solar cells, battery and its body. solar energy sun energy is the source which the solar car depends on it for their energy like other device which run on solar power .Read MoreEssay about History of Photography1254 Words à |à 6 Pagessolution to this issue came to be in 1824 when J.N. Niepce invented the photogravure, an image taken by a camera obscura that is transferred to a specially treated metallic plate. The oldest surviving photogravure taken by Niepce dates back to 1827. This photo, titled ââ¬Å"View through a window in Grasâ⬠took over eight hours of exposure to create, and even then, the image that was created was blurry and monochrome. After Niepceââ¬â¢s death, his business partner, French painter Louis Jacques Mandà © Daguerre continuedRead MoreThe Earth s State, Photographic Evidence And Data Samples1450 Words à |à 6 Pagesfurther analysis for the time remaining was hindered by the low pressure present. Also, the cold weather conditions demanded the use of special clothing and there was no conclusion with evidence on presence of water. The roving equipment captured photos indicating presence of water below the Martian surface. Though manââ¬â¢s mission to the moon has been the most publicized by media and the scientific community, there has been increased interest on missions to planet Mars, but this has mostly been basedRead MoreInvention Of Good Insulation For Telegraph Wires1496 Words à |à 6 Pageslater in 1940 40 lines were laid across the Atlantic Ocean. History.com also states that: The electric telegraph transformed how wars were fought and won and how journalists and newspapers conducted business. Rather than taking weeks to be delivered by horse-and-carriage mail carts, pieces of news could be exchanged between telegraph stations almost instantly. The telegraph also had a profound economic effect allowing money to be ââ¬Å"wiredâ⬠across great distances (par 8). After the rise and decline ofRead More3G Technology and Its Uses1257 Words à |à 6 Pageswireless internet access, video calls and mobile TV. 3G show all collection of technology to facilitate a higher speed for data transfer faster than earlier version. CDMA and GSM were primary category of phone technology. 3G network are form by these two different technology that had been elaborated. 3G smartphone can conduct high speed data transfer rate by accessing 3G cell phone technology and its mean browsing, streaming and downloading speed is extremely high. 3G also support for the phone to usingRead MoreGlobal Warming And The Depletion Of Non Renewable Resources3186 Words à |à 13 Pagesenergy communities. There are many benefits to achieving carbon neutrality, which will be further explored. A wide variety of clean energy is available, which can be harnessed and even stored for future use. This variety of clean energy no negative effect on the earth. Further more, this paper will outline 6 techniques, which can help in achieving net zero energy. Key words: Net zero, Carbon Neutrality, Sustainable, Resilient, Community Word Count: 1. Introduction Everyday the human race usesRead MoreCultural Perceptions And Ideas Of Aesthetics1076 Words à |à 5 Pagestheir insecurities. In response, Nikkie decided to make one half of her face ââ¬Å"full-on flameâ⬠and leave the other half ââ¬Å"raw, unedited, nothing, me.â⬠Since then, other women who have been inspired to share their love for makeup start posting similar photos of their own half made-up faces. Makeup is universal and it is used by women and men who want to look pretty all over the world. It is an enjoyment for them to become prettier instead of a thing they need to be shameful for. However, beauty is a reflectionRead MoreCase Study : Segway Pt, Electric Powered Human Transportation Machine1343 Words à |à 6 Pages a. Transportation: i. Segway PT: A Segway is a two wheeled, electric-powered human transportation machine. It is a self-balancing machine which uses gyroscopes and accelerometer. Segway PT was developed by Segway Inc. in New Hampshire, USA by Dean Kamen. It was introduced in the year 2001, and offers a new transportation alternative that lends itself towards a walking-based environment. It runs on electric motors and circuits which are located in the base of Segway. If the rider moves forward, SegwayRead MoreSocial Media s Ideal Body Image For Woman1524 Words à |à 7 Pagesââ¬Å"girlishnessâ⬠, ââ¬Å"womanhoodâ⬠, ââ¬Å"effetenessâ⬠, and ââ¬Å"womanlyâ⬠(Merriam Webster/Femininity). When images for ââ¬Å"femininityâ⬠are researched, most depict beautiful, perfectly made up, extremely skinny women wearing pink clothing with long, flowing hair. This photo description is social mediaââ¬â¢s ideal body image for woman. Because of this, sixty nine percent of girls in fifth through twelfth grade reported that pictures on certain types of social media influenced their perception of the ideal body image and forty Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02479523641975697641noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-556081201033198218.post-28875668389258555012020-05-06T15:54:00.001-07:002020-05-06T15:54:29.581-07:00Marketing Plan For Apple s Marketing Strategy - 920 Words In January 2007, Apple entered the smartphone industry with a firm stride. Apple s iPhone be-came a pioneer in the Internet-enabled multimedia cellular phone commerce. Its revolutionary fea-tures combined everything consumer could possibly wish for: a GSM standard phone, an iPod and an Internet browser. In less than three month after launching, Apple sold over 1 million of iPhones. However, its success started to fade as an array of complaints and restrictions struck the company with an unexpected blow. Apple had to face dissatisfied customers and international law authori-ties. The issue laid in the core of its marketing plan. The company was mainly oriented on innovative technology, forgetting who this technology was actually serving.â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Thus, SWOT analysis is central to this task. Apple iPhone has lots of strengths, such as brand equity, consumer loyalty, high technologies with unique features, and ease of use, developer support and consistency. Beyond that, having Ste-ve Jobs, as a CEO of the company, the guy who could literally pull rabbits out of his hat (Roger Kay), added a tag of innovation onto the aforementioned list. However, weakness play a much more important role. They are: high price, limited production line, its own closed operating system, which is not compatible with any third party applications or services, and expensive RD. As a result, product is perceived by consumers as a luxury device. As far as opportunities go, Apple has great perspectives in continuing technological advance-ments and geographical expansions, as well as enlargements of potential markets. Yet, threats com-ing along with even more extensive force, involving diverse competitors, heavy dependence on sub-sidies from phone carriers, the U.S. International and European laws protecting consumers. Besides, economic situation of the market itself, as well as company s suppliers, could play extremely im-portant role, since it could directly affect consumer purchasing power, and may also create supply Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02479523641975697641noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-556081201033198218.post-162057078175339602020-05-05T18:15:00.001-07:002020-05-05T18:15:09.481-07:00Government of Industry Innovation and Science â⬠MyAssignmenthelp Question: Discuss about the Government of Industry for Innovation and Science. Answer: Introduction: The 21st century mining boom has had a massive boost to the Australian economy. Creation of wealth to most Australians has been diversified such that an addition of consumption generated through an increment in the purchasing power of the consumers. It means production capacities received a major uplift in various industries. As a result employment is created not only through the mining sector but also other supporting industries as well. Investments have generally risen because opportunities to undertake capital accumulation have opened up in the entire economy. More so, it has been guided by an increased investor confidence in the future direction of the market. The availability of more skilled labor is also a testament of the significance of mining to the entire economy of Australia (Costello Knights, 2013). With better prices, comes a better performance of the Australian Dollar in the market. It means that cheaper imports is possible while it enjoys expensive exports. Impressive ly, such expensive exports also involves direct mining products. In short, a favorable balance of trade has been realized such that a continuous growth of net exports is in place. In order to further expand the mining sector, government spending skyrocketed particularly centering on training labor as well as expanding mining supportive industries. Perhaps the most influential macroeconomic variables in the face of the mining boom were the inflation rates, interest rates, employment and unemployment. With an increase in the consumer spending thanks to the income earned, the inflation fell to an all-time low of 1.9% immediately (George, 2016). The whole economy was cushioned from the global financial crisis that was severe especially in the US and the Euro Zone. Secondly, while it generated physical assets like rails and ports, it made exploitation of resources easier which further opened up the economy hence creating more jobs hence a reduction to the unemployment. With the economy performing this better, the interest rates witnessed a reduction owing to the fact that more income meant that loan facilities were further curtailed. Mining boom can be conceptualized in terms of Keynesian Cross Model whereby the equilibrium level of national income can be determined. In this case, the aggregate demand is indicated by the vertical axis while the aggregate demand function is established by an upward sloping line (AD). From the diagram, the aggregate demand is positively sloping as a result of an increase in the disposable income. An increase in the consumer spending means that there is a corresponding increase in the aggregate demand. as a result, there will be an increase in the real GDP in which transfer payments and taxes remain fixed while arise in the disposable incomes experienced. Asset market and commodity market have also witnessed the influence of the 21st mining boom in Australia. For instance, since the economy saw building of ports, a path for exploitation of resources was created which further indicated that asset accumulation was a likely occurrence (Department of Mining Industry, 2017). On the same page, commodity market expansion stands on the same platform as well. In the above diagram, a boom in the mining industry brings more disposable income to the consumers. Consumer spending on the available goods and services rises. This means that the interest rates will then fall leading to an increase in the investments as well as employment and income. Most importantly, the equilibrium output rises as shown in the diagram LM1 moving to LM2. The boom witnessed in the mining industry is explained using a budget constraint that has the government expenditure rise from $50million to $100million generating more returns into the economy.in the budget line, consumers are able to choose from a higher price because the disposable income has risen as well. This implies that there is more output generated particularly through an increase in the disposable income (Poon et al, 2016). Consumers are able to spend more on the available good and services which further increases the surplus that is realized in the economy as shown by the shaded region The diagram above takes into account the increasing level of investments, increasing consumer disposable income, reduced interest rates as well as employment levels rising. Remotely, a rise in the consumer disposable income through a booming mining industry is important in shifting the LRAS curve to the right. It means production efficiency creeps in because a massive reduction of cost is experienced as well as losses from surplus production that the market cannot contain. More income means consumers move to ensure that supply meets demand that is in the market. There is lesser room for overproduction. In the same sense, there is an increase in the overall output in the market which still indicates a falling rate of unemployment as well. Taxation particularly reduces in output because the production cost rises as shown by the shift in the SRAS1 to SRAS2. Mining companies have to incur more expenses in the course of the production capacities. They are then transferred to the consumer in terms of recued earnings. This move has an effect of reducing the level of income in the entire economy which helps to fight inflation. However, it has a negative influence on employment. The boom experienced in the mining industry posed and still does pose a huge threat to the economic stability in terms of the money supply in the economy as shown by increasing levels of consumer disposable income. In response to this, the government adopted a couple of fiscal policies. For example, the government imposed a 5% tax on all mining incomes (Mudd, 2007). This was particularly important in cutting down the massive levels of income that consumers getting and the investors as well. Doing this was also important in ensuring that inflation was kept at very low levels. More so, there was also the adoption of a policy that involved spending up to $100million on exploration meant to replace the funds scooped through interest rate increases. On the monetary policy, it was adopted through setting of the base year inflation rates at under 2% in order to combat the increasing money supply that mining had brought in the economy. The achievement centered on capping the interest rates by the mining the companies. More so, according to Yeomans (2016), it is important to control investors which directly tackles the problem of over production. As more money streams into the economy, there are more concerns for the eventuality that is inflation. Consumers hence stand at the foot of destabilizing economy. While the government had to set higher interest rates of up to 5% on the mining incomes it meant that consumers were encouraged to save more, borrow less and ensure that there is less money supply in the economy which can as well stifle economic growth. Inflation is a bigger player in destabilizing the market based on this. In the diagram, when interest rates are increased, the aggregate demand falls which basically indicates that consumer disposable income is reduced shown by the shift from AD1 to AD2. There is lesser money to spending on the available goods in the market. More so, there will be a fall in the real GDP as well because production capacities are cut down as a result. The government policies adopted in the course of the market boom experienced through mining activities had a huge impact on the government deficit and debt with regard to the budget line. Essentially, a cyclical budget deficit takes into account the fluctuations in the spending in an economy as well as the level of fluctuations in the tax revenue. The boom in the mining industry in Australia actually did create a lot of revenue in the economy as a whole. This had a huge effect in easing government debt at the time. More so, theoretically, a boom in a particular sector has an effect of spreading in most parts of the economy with regard to growth particular of closely related sectors as well. Where the government. However, the fact that it is cyclical indicates that the economy will likely fall back into the same state that it was in before the boom was realized. This is not the case because the government made huge increase in the spending meant to diversify the industry with the chie f reason of creating more employment opportunities. This alludes to the practicality of the structural deficit control. From the above budget line, the original budget indicates the total expenditure before any changes were made by the government. Since, the economy experiences a boom in terms of the increasing returns, a both the structural and cyclical budget deficits take place. However, an addition of income in the economy means that they are in instead avenues of reducing the debt as well as the deficit. As a result, the new budget line will squeeze inwards showing that there is a more tendency for the budget to respond to the changes in the economic set up particularly the dynamism associated with it. Both the structural and cyclical debts/deficits have a similar impact with regard to taking the economy back to equilibrium by pointing to an increased revenue through the boom in the mining activities which eventually opens up the entire economy (Philips, 2017). References Mudd, G. M. (2007). The sustainability of mining in Australia: key production trends and their environmental implications. Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University and Mineral Policy Institute, Melbourne. Poon, A., Raval, S., Banerjee, B. P., Shamsoddini, A. (2015). Detection of Changes in the Wetland Conditions adjacent to a Longwall Mining Area in the Southern Coalfields, New South Wales Using Radar Satellite Data.Journal of Research Projects Review, 35. Costello, C., Knights, P. (2013). Grizzly Modifications at ridgeway deeps Block cave Mine. Mining Education Australia, 11. Department of Mining industry (2017). Australia's Mineral Commodities. Australian Government of Industry, Innovation and Science. Retrieved from: https://industry.gov.au/resource/Mining/Pages/default.aspx Philips, K. (2016). The mining boom that changed Australia. Australia Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved from: https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/rearvision/the-mining-boom-that-changed-australia/7319586 Yoemans, J. (2016). Australia's mining boom turns to dust as commodity prices collapse. The Telegraph. Retrieved from: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/mining/12142813/Australias-mining-boom-turns-to-dust-as-commodity-prices-collapse.html George, M.W. (2016)."Mineral Commodity Summaries 2016"(pdf). Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey. pp.7071. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02479523641975697641noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-556081201033198218.post-1634819172775348142020-04-11T17:51:00.001-07:002020-04-11T17:51:02.851-07:00Greg Sirico Essays - McCulloch V. Maryland, , Term Papers Greg Sirico Adv American Gov. November 14th '98 McCulloch v Maryland Can congress incorporate a bank? Can a state tax the national government? These were some of the key issues that brought up in the Supreme Court case of McCullloch v Maryland. James Madison, the judge in this case, rules in favor of the National Government. He proclaimed that it was constitutional to have a national bank, and not appropriate for Maryland to tax the bank. Now we turn the tables toward Maryland. In my reasoning I believe that Maryland can uphold their right to tax the national bank, as well as make claims of the ?necessary and proper clause? being incorrect in it's meaning. Maryland in my opinion holds very good references and ideas which lead me to believe that the national bank should never have been created, and if so created be able to have been taxed. Both points coming from the Constitution. Maryland as well as every other state in the union, has the power to tax. It is a concurrent power, which enables them (Maryland) to obtain the power to tax. The power to tax is the power to create. Since the national bank itself is in Baltimore, I believe the state, in which it is holds ground, which is Maryland, has some type of property tax upon the national bank. In this point we can see how the state government has some kind of right to tax the national bank. Moving forward, we come across the Necessary and Proper Clause (Elastic Clause). It is stated in the Constitution that the government is empowered to imply this clause to issues at hand. The controversy issue is the appropriate definition for this word, necessary. However, necessary in Maryland's point of view means ?indispensable? and Madison defines it as ?convenient?. Now in this point, it is unjust to provide the national government with such power as this. If it is in fact convenient for the national government, is it convenient for us the people? The answer is no, this gives leverage to Maryland's argument that necessary should in-fact mean as is. As we can see through my, and the state of Maryland's view, the national bank should have never been created, and even if such an idea would have been about, it is still reprehensible for taxation. Maryland in my belief was correct in it's arguments, and points. Now as I conclude, I have shown you my reasons why, and have brought me to my final decision that there really is no equality between the state government and the national government. In seeing this, it is appropriate to believe that the congresses can in-fact do as they PLEASE. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02479523641975697641noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-556081201033198218.post-61774163529424396822020-03-10T10:17:00.001-07:002020-03-10T10:17:03.024-07:00Differences Between the Words Device and DeviseDifferences Between the Words 'Device' and 'Devise' The words device are devise are commonly confusedprobably because they sound similar and their meanings are related. However, device and devise are two different parts of speech. Definitions The noun device means an object, a gadget, or a piece of equipment made for some special purpose. The verb devise means to plan, invent, or form in ones mind. Examples A smartphone can be a handy device for avoiding work.The sink is a magnificent device: it fills with water, holds it awhile, and then, when the drain is released, it empties.(George Carlin,à Napalm Silly Putty. Hyperion, 2001)We need to devise new solutions to old problems.Scientists at the University of Bologna in Italy haveà devised a hand-held deviceà that, when passed over the body, identifies different resonations of body tissues in response to a fluctuating frequency of microwaves.(The Science of Anti-Aging Medicine, ed. by R. Klatz and R. Goldman. American Academy of Anti-Aging Med, 2003) Usage Note A device is a machine or tool; to devise means to invent or concoct something. (To devise one must be wise. Will ones device work on ice?) The stable hand would like to devise a device that cleans up after the horses. (Phineas J. Caruthers,à Style Circumstance: The Gentlepersons Guide to Good Grammar. Adams Media, 2012) Idiom Alert: "Left to Our Own Devices" When were left to our own devices we use the learning-by-doing method. Left to our own devices means theres no one looking over our shoulder in front of whom we feel embarrassed if we fail.(Roger C. Schank,à Making Minds Less Well Educated Than Our Own. Lawrence Erlbaum, 2004)Have you received the message by now that our emotions dont treat us well when it comes to managing our money? Left to our own devices, we tend to do stupid things with our money.(A.J. Monte and Rick Swope,à The Market Guys Five Points for Trading Success. Wiley, 2011) Practice Exercise (a) We must _____ a way to rescue Lassie from the well. (b) Maybe a _____ involving pulleys and kittens will work. (c) My father, in theà firefly-rife backyardà of my first home, lights a bundle of little firecrackers and darts dramatically back, and we all stand around in an awed circle, at what we hope is a safe distance, as the _____ twists and jumps and shouts its furious, frustrated noise.(John Updike, The Fourth of July, 1991) (d) You can imagine, Watson, with what eagerness I endeavored to piece together our scientific findings and to _____ some common thread on which they might allà hang.(Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, The Adventure of the Musgrave Ritual, 1893) Answers to Practice Exercise (a) We mustà deviseà a way to rescue Lassie from the well.(b) Maybe aà deviceà involving pulleys and kittens will work. (c) My father, in theà firefly-rife backyardà of my first home, lights a bundle of little firecrackers and darts dramatically back, and we all stand around in an awed circle, at what we hope is a safe distance, as theà deviceà twists and jumps and shouts its furious, frustrated noise.(John Updike, The Fourth of July,à 1991) (d) You can imagine, Watson, with what eagerness I endeavored to piece together our scientific findings and toà deviseà some common thread on which they might allà hang.(Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, The Adventure of the Musgrave Ritual, 1893) Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02479523641975697641noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-556081201033198218.post-61441781760726551472020-02-23T00:43:00.001-08:002020-02-23T00:43:03.252-08:00Aquatic environmetal toxicology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsAquatic environmetal toxicology - Assignment Example It can be said that the method is effective as control of the environmental condition is made possible. Laboratory methods provide more sense of flexibility in terms of timing and it reduces workload and cost as well as seasonal and spatial variability (U.S. EPA 2000a). The use of laboratory test can enable one to formulate research question such as kinetics of acceptance and eradication, growth of the species or reproduction. This technique is also efficient as it is not subjected to assumptions like use of models. The approximate cost of this method is about $600; this is because of the tools that are required to perform this task. It is less expensive as it only requires a one day activity to gather the sediments and organisms. After collection of the samples for analysis the other part of activity is a one person activity. It is also possible to acquire some of the equipment below locally or improvising some such as dredgers or using your cell phone for GPS purposes, making the method cheaper. The clean water act has helped US navigable water to be protected from pollution by regulating the rate, amount and type of discharge of pollutants in the water bodies including the stream, rivers, coasts, wetlands and rivers. The act has significantly reduce the level of pollution from industrial and municipal For waters meant for swimming and fishing, the act was set to eliminate the disposal of untreated waste products with contaminated effluents from industrial and municipal plants. It required operators of such industries and businesses to apply for a permit to authorize their discharge into water bodies with a promise to reduce the discharge significantly over time. In 1998, the act was able to achieve 60 percentage of American clean waters thus they redirected their focus into eradicating nonpoint source water contaminants including agricultural runoff within chemicals or erosion of contaminated surfaces such as Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02479523641975697641noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-556081201033198218.post-4377889908030093752020-02-06T17:29:00.001-08:002020-02-06T17:29:02.834-08:00Dispute Between Workers Union And Employer Case Study - 17Dispute Between Workers Union And Employer - Case Study Example The Union has appealed to the NLRB to set aside the election results. If I were on NLRB, I would set aside the elections because of the provisions of Taft-Hartley labor act. While the act allows employers the right to interact with employees with the aim of influencing union activities and actions, expressions into the interactions must not pose threats of reprisal. The case, however, identifies potential threats of reprisal, from the management, which could have intimidated union members and led to restraint from participation in the elections. From the supervisorââ¬â¢s repeated appearance in the vicinity, the union members had all the reasons to fear intimidation and harsh treatment from the management if the union won in the elections. It was also normal for the union members to believe that the supervisor was acting in his normal capacity as an agent of the management because that is his regular position. These arguments identify implied the threat of reprisal and mean that the employer, through its supervisor, breached provisions of the Taft-Ha rtley Act. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02479523641975697641noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-556081201033198218.post-62288473528289277382020-01-28T23:05:00.001-08:002020-01-28T23:05:06.760-08:00Lesson Plan in Classroom Program Essay Example for Free Lesson Plan in Classroom Program Essay In our modern epoch, the time when the only things that are needed for effective learning are the teachers and students is long gone. At the turn of the millennium, the equation to successful teaching also has the variables of classroom schedule, room assignment and even proper assignment of teachers. Although these factors may seem insignificant, all of those can be the telling elements as to whether the highest possible level of edification is attained. During our first teaching episode in our cooperating school, Tagum City National Comprehensive High School, I quickly took notice about the schedule of our CT. Mam Mercadoââ¬â¢s schedule is obviously loaded, with only a few minutes of break or rest in between. Her class schedule as well as room assignment was relatively reasonable (in the Philippinesââ¬â¢s educational setting). As she is assigned to teach English which is her major, it can be concluded that her students will acquire adequate learning. All these factors greatly contribute to the effectiveness of teaching as well as learning. Having stated that, I realized that for a lesson or a curriculum will be best implemented and taught if all the necessary components, which in this case are the class program, teacherââ¬â¢s assignment and room assignment, are present and well organized. Proper organization can greatly influence and even pad up the interest and enthusiasm of the students. On the part of the teacher, it eases up the tasks to be done knowing that most of these portions which he/she canââ¬â¢t control are put right in place. With that considered, the educational institution can be confident that the zenith of the teaching-leaning process is achieved. Due to some obvious reasons, we were not able to interview our CT about her Class Program. However, she shared to us how important it is to prepare a class program and implement it adaptably. With that, both the teacher andà the learners will know what to do expect as well as do next. With all that has been learned, I realized that there are many dynamics to be considered before effective edification can be professed. Most importantly, proper preparation and implementation of the class program should be given due concern for it can immensely affect learning. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02479523641975697641noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-556081201033198218.post-59760841564001183642020-01-20T19:27:00.001-08:002020-01-20T19:27:02.761-08:00Identity in Gertrude Steins The Making of Americans Essay -- GertrudeIdentity in Gertrude Stein's The Making of Americans Throughout her career, Gertrude Stein was fascinated by the possibility of revolution in the sense of "a complete or drastic change," especially in relation to her ideas of identity and agency. But critics disagree about her conclusions. For example, Bruce Goebel sees her early texts as "embrac[ing a] deterministic attitude about the formation of identity" (238) that conceives of identity as locked within historical and biological contexts. At the other extreme, many critics such as Caren Kaplan locate Stein's work within the context of expatriate modernism and so see it within the discourses which "celebrat[e] the rootless traveler" (7), cut loose from nation and history and thus free to create a self of her own choosing. I believe this contradiction arises because Stein's texts are themselves often contradictory, with one passage exploring the inescapable weight of history and heredity on her characters, while the next admires her characters' capacity to resist cultural prescriptio ns, to exercise agency, to transform themselves, to be "singular." Identity in many Stein texts, especially in The Making of Americans, is, then, a negotiation between cultural prescriptions, biological and historical determinants on the one hand and self-definition, change and agency on the other. In this sense, Stein's work anticipates Foucault's later theories of identity in which he explores possibilities for "freedom" or agency. In "The Ethic of Care for the Self as a Practice of Freedom" Foucault begins to define what he calls "the practices of the self": I am interested . . . in the way in which the subject constitutes himself in an active fashion, by the practices of the self, these ... ...ad to Die': The Problem of Mortality in Gertrude Stein's The Geographical History of America." Philological Quarterly 70.2 (1991): 237-252. Hovey, Jaime. "Sapphic Primitivism in Gertrude Stein's Q.E.D." Modern Fiction Studies 42.3 (1996): 547-568. Kaplan, Caren. Questions of Travel: Postmodern Discourses of Displacement. Durham: Duke UP, 1996. Spencer, Benjamin. "Gertrude Stein: Non-Expatriate." Literature and Ideas in America. Robert Falk, ed., Ohio UP, 1975. Stein, Gertrude. "The Gradual Making of The Making of Americans." Selected Writings of Gertrude Stein. New York: Vintage, 1990. -----. The Making of Americans: Being a History of a Family's Progress. Normal: Dalkey Archive Press, 1995. -----. Narration. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1935. Wald, Patricia. Constituting Americans: Cultural Anxiety and Narrative Form. Durham: Duke UP, 1995. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02479523641975697641noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-556081201033198218.post-30757992224619373812020-01-12T15:51:00.001-08:002020-01-12T15:51:04.385-08:00Wide Dynamic Range Compression Benefits Health And Social Care EssayAdults with a moderate sensorineural hearing loss have a demand for soft sounds to be amplified to assist with lucidity of address without traveling over a degree which the individual finds excessively loud. Moderate sensorineural hearing loss is caused by harm to outer hair cells, which can take to a reduced dynamic scope and finally, enlisting. The dynamic scope is the scope between the threshold of hearing and the uncomfortable volume degrees ( ULL ) . Venema ( 1998 ) refers to this as the floor ( threshold ) being raised and the ceiling ( ULL ) staying the same. When the ULL ââ¬Ës are unchanged, as thresholds worsen, an irregular addition in volume is perceived typically referred to as enlisting. In order to separate between different types of hearing AIDSs and happen the most suited for this type of hearing loss we have to look to see if the hearing AIDSs can embrace the individual ââ¬Ës dynamic scope without traveling over their uncomfortable volume degrees. It has been s uggested that end product restricting compaction ( CL ) and broad dynamic scope compaction ( WDRC ) hearing AIDSs are more good for this type of hearing loss compared to linear hearing AIDSs with extremum niping. Ultimately, for a moderate sensorineural hearing loss it is believed that WDRC is the most good type of elaboration at this clip. The outer hair cells in the organ of Corti have been referred to as the amplifiers of the cochlea ( Brownell, et al. , 1985 ) . In the absence of outer hair cell map, a moderate sensorineural hearing loss of around 40-50 dubnium is present ( Ryan and Dallos, 1975 ) . The most prevailing type of hearing loss in grownups is presbyacusis or age-related hearing loss ( Valente, et. Al. 2008 ) . Presbyacusis begins as a bilateral, symmetrical, high frequence sensorineural hearing loss impacting the outer hair cells in the radical terminal of the cochlea. Peoples with this type of hearing loss tend to kick about background noises such as address babbling in a noisy saloon. This can account for, what is normally referred to as the upward spread of cover, which is caused by lower frequences dissembling higher frequences ( Valente et. al. , 2008 ) . This consequences in softer, higher frequence sounds from address such as consonants being masked by lower frequence address sounds such as vowels . Presbyacusis causes a elusive lessening in hearing over clip ( Valente et. al. , 2008 ) and as a consequence, patients do non normally attend clinics until their households notice that the telecasting is excessively loud or the patient themselves realize that they can non hear every bit good in noisy state of affairss as they used to. Hearing AIDSs can include different types of compaction circuits, which can profit different types of hearing loss. Let ââ¬Ës first expression at input and end product compaction circuits. They differ to each other depending on where the volume control is located in the circuit. Output compaction circuits have the volume control before the compaction takes topographic point. This type of compaction affects the compaction kneepoint and the addition but non the maximal power end product. It is besides the type of circuit used with CL elaboration scheme and is associated with high compaction ratios and kneepoints. Input compaction has the volume control located after the compaction circuit ; therefore the sound is compressed before the volume control affects the sound. This means that the kneepoint is unaffected while the addition and maximal power end product are. This type of compaction circuit is what tends to be used with broad dynamic scope compaction ( WDRC ) scheme and is asso ciated with low compaction ratios and kneepoints ( Venema, 1998 ; Dillon, 2001 ) . The first type of compaction is end product restricting compaction elaboration. The input is additive until it reaches a high kneepoint and so it compresses the sound with a high compaction ratio ( Venema, 1998 ; Valente, et. al. , 2008 ) . This type of compaction is really similar to top out cutting ( Personal computer ) , which is found in additive hearing AIDSs, nevertheless it is more pleasant for the hearer than Personal computer because there is less deformation. Peoples with normal hearing or mild to chair hearing loss will detect that the quality of address is more deformed with restricting when compared to people with terrible to profound hearing loss who will non detect this consequence as much ( Dillon, 2000 ) . In a survey of 12 grownups with mild to chair sensorineural hearing loss, sound quality and lucidity were improved with end product restricting compaction when compared to top out cutting ( Hawkins and Naidoo, 1993 ) . It is by and large accepted that additive hear ing AIDSs with extremum niping no longer hold a topographic point in audiometry clinics and hearing assistance companies have stopped fabricating them. Wide dynamic scope compaction ( WDRC ) is a compaction scheme that aims to magnify soft sounds by a batch, medium sounds by a moderate sum and loud sounds by a little sum ( Souza and Turner, 1998 ) . WDRC tends to give more addition to soft sounds and has reasonably short onslaught and release times ( Marriage, et al. , 2005 ) . WDRC is a nonlinear compaction scheme, which tries to mime the non-linearity of the cochlea and efforts to account for loudness enlisting with sensorineural hearing loss ( Moore, et al. , 1992 ) . The threshold kneepoint is normally low at around 50 dubnium in order to magnify quiet sounds, compactions ratios are normally lower than 4:1 and onslaught and release times are short so that harmonic sounds are non masked by vowel sounds ( Valente, et. al. , 2008 ) . WDRC is a comparatively new compaction scheme that is used normally in modern digital engineering hearing AIDSs. There are assorted positions as to whether WDRC is of more benefit than additive elaboration. It has been noted in some literature that mensurable benefits of WDRC include improved hearing for soft address sounds ( Souza and Turner, 1998 ) , address in quiet, address in noise, more comfy hearing state of affairss for loud address ( Moore, et. al. , 1992 ; Davies-Venn, 2009 ) and improved acclimatization ( Yund et. al. , 2006 ) . In contrast it has besides been reviewed that WDRC may better audibleness but non needfully intelligibility when compared to linear elaboration ( Marriage, et. al. , 2005 ; Souza and Turner, 1998 ) . WDRC may be of more benefit for people with mild to chair sensorineural hearing loss compared to people with terrible to profound sensorineural hearing loss. This may be due to the suggestion that as hearing gets worse i.e. in terrible to profound sensorineural hearing loss that temporal cues are relied on more to a great extent to understand address. Since fast WDRC can alter temporal cues it may be that this population of hearing assistance wearers benefits more from compaction modification ( Jenstad and Souza, 2005 ; Davies-Venn et. Al. 2009 ) . In 1992, Brian Moore, et. Al. tested 20 topics with moderate sensorineural hearing loss, mensurating speech favoritism ability in quiet and speech response thresholds ( SRTs ) in noise. The topics were fitted with two types of hearing AIDSs: Linear amplifiers and two-band WDRC compressors. They were tested with their new hearing AIDSs and besides in an unaided status and with their ain original hearing AIDSs. With the compaction hearing aids the topics had good address favoritism tonss at all strength degrees in the quiet and the other three conditions showed diminishing address intelligibility as the strength degree got quieter. The WDRC AIDSs proved to assist topics accomplish lower SRTs in noise compared to the other conditions. Patients with decreased dynamic scopes besides benefited from the compaction hearing AIDSs more than the additive AIDSs in that they found the loud sounds more comfy. When surveyed the topics besides preferred the sound of the WDRC hearing AIDSs ( Moore, e t al. , 1992 ) . Another benefit of WDRC over liner elaboration is improved acclimatization. Acclimatization is the clip it takes for the encephalon to acquire accustomed to sound from a peculiar type of elaboration and to hold increased speech acknowledgment. Yund et. Al. ( 2006 ) did an acclimatization survey with 39 topics with mild to chair inclining sensorineural hearing loss, who had ne'er worn hearing AIDSs. They showed that topics who wore the WDRC hearing AIDSs experienced acclimatization, whereas the patients who wore additive hearing AIDSs did non demo any increased address favoritism tonss. They believed this was because the WDRC hearing assistance was able to treat the normal hearing dynamic scope into the dynamic scope of topics with mild to chair sensorineural hearing loss. After a period of have oning additive elaboration, topics were so fitted with WDRC hearing AIDSs. These topics still struggled with acclimatization after a period with their WDRC hearing AIDSs and needed excess aid in the signifier of audile preparation to acquire rid of the effects of the additive elaboration on the encephalon. Overall, it was concluded that hearing AIDSs with more sophisticated engineering may be the best AIDSs for acclimatization ( Yund, et. al. , 2006 ) . One survey compared the benefits of additive and nonlinear hearing AIDSs with address trials and Glasgow Hearing Aid Benefit Profile ( GHABP ) questionnaires. The bulk of topics preferred the WDRC nonlinear hearing AIDSs compared to the additive hearing AIDSs. They showed better tonss on address trials, had better address acknowledgment, and preferred the overall hearing experience with the WDRC hearing AIDSs. WDRC hearing AIDSs can be programmed with fast or decelerate onslaught and release times or a combination as this can be adjusted for different channels. In this survey the research workers found that there was more of a penchant for slow onslaught and release times for the most comfort and satisfaction compared to fast WDRC ( Gatehouse, et. al. , 2006 ) . In comparing, Shi and Doherty ( 2008 ) found better address acknowledgment tonss for both slow and fast, onslaught and release times compared to linear hearing AIDSs, nevertheless found no difference between tonss for slow an d fast times in WDRC. When onslaught and release times are shorter the soft address sounds are amplified more than the louder 1s. If the release clip is long so the soft and loud address sounds are amplified at the same degree, which may ensue in the softer phonemes being masked by the louder 1s ( Valente, et. al. , 2008 ) . Where to put onslaught and release times may be different for each patient depending on their penchant ; nevertheless in these surveies it has been shown that holding onslaught and release times utilizing WDRC improves speech acknowledgment tonss compared to linear hearing AIDSs. WDRC multi-channel hearing AIDSs have a distinguishable advantage over individual channel hearing AIDSs because they have the ability to utilize BILL and TILL ( characteristics of WDRC ) at the same clip ( Sandlin, 2000 ) . BILL is the ââ¬Å" bass addition at low degrees â⬠and TILL is ââ¬Å" the soprano addition at low degrees â⬠( Dillon, 2001, pp 169 ) . BILL will be given to travel into compaction a batch more with low frequence sounds and non every bit much with high frequence sounds. The scheme of BILL is to let the hearing assistance wearer to hear better in background noise. TILL will travel into compaction more frequently with high frequence sounds and non every bit much with low frequence sounds. The scheme of TILL is to increase audibleness of high frequence sounds. Both BILL and TILL used in concurrence can make a good adjustment scheme for a level moderate high frequence sensorineural hearing loss ( Venema, 1998 ) . Dillon ( 2000 ) described two jobs that can originate with WDRC hearing AIDSs. The first job is that while WDRC hearing AIDSs magnify really soft address good, they besides amplify really soft background noises such as the clock ticking or the sound of apparels traveling ( Dillon, 2000 ) . Fortunately with newer digital engineering, hearing AIDSs are able to divide address from background noise more intuitively than with linear engineering. A manner to cover with these really low degree background noises is to utilize enlargement. Expansion is the antonym of compaction and aims to do the weakest sounds in the quietest environments unobtrusive as it is below the hearer ââ¬Ës aided threshold ( Valente, et. al. , 2008 ) . The 2nd disadvantage is the job of feedback being introduced when the hearing assistance wearer is in a quiet environment and the addition is increased ( Dillon, 2000 ; Valente, et. al. , 2008 ) . In the past few old ages digital feedback suppression/cancellation ha s become more sophisticated and this does non look to be a job with WDRC in hearing assistance wearers every bit long as a suited earmould is fitted. Wide dynamic scope compaction has been shown to hold advantages over additive elaboration utilizing compaction modification and extremum niping circuits. In some research workers sentiments it has still non been unambiguously proven that WDRC is the best adjustment scheme for all types of hearing loss. As degrees gets worse than moderate sensorineural hearing loss, the loss of outer and interior hair cell map causes temporal cues to decline. It is ill-defined whether fast WDRC may be doing deformation in address signals due to this. What is clear is that for mild to chair sensorineural hearing loss, most normally observed with presbyacusis, WDRC seems to better address acknowledgment in quiet, in noise, overall comfort and it is easier to acclimatize to have oning hearing AIDSs. There is non a great sum of recent literature on the topic of the benefits of WDRC in the moderate sensorineural hearing loss class. It would be interesting to see new research conducted to find whether there are more benefits in multichannel WDRC with newer, more intuitive, digital engineering hearing AIDSs. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02479523641975697641noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-556081201033198218.post-69753958470454266582020-01-04T12:15:00.001-08:002020-01-04T12:15:03.898-08:00History Of Stem Cell Research - Free Essay Example Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1669 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/06/26 Category Biology Essay Level High school Topics: Stem Cell Essay Did you like this example? Stem cells were accidentally discovered by two scientistââ¬â¢s researching in the Ontario Cancer Institute, Till Ernest McCulloch examined an anomaly during a study they were conducted on the effects of radiation on mice. The mice were exposed with an ample amount of X-rays to kill them in 30 days if they did not obtain a transplant of bone marrow cells. The mice were also vaccinated with a fluctuating number of cells in order for the researchers to conclude how many cells it would take to keep the animals alive. Donââ¬â¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "History Of Stem Cell Research" essay for you Create order On a Sunday morning, numerous days after injecting the cells, McCulloch examined samples taken from the mice. The hematologist observed small lumps on mice spleens, one lump for every 10,000 injected bone marrow cells. The ability to regenerate is the defining property of stem cells In 1956, Edward Donnall Thomas created history when he injected aà 3-year-oldà leukemiaà patient with bone marrow stem cells harvested from her twin. Theà patientà performed well for six months,à howeverà thenà experienced a reappearance of her cancer of cancer. In 1961, Canadian researchers proved the existence of cells that can regenerate repeatedly. These, of course,à had beenà stem cells. A few years later in 1968, University of Minnesotaà medical doctorsà grew up to becomeà the first in the world to use bone marrow transplants toà cureà anà toddlerà with X-linked lymphopenic immune deficiency, andà every otherà with Wishkott-Aldrich syndrome. In 1969, Edward Donnall Thomasà performedà the firstà fruitful bone marrow transplantà with the usage ofà stem cells harvested fromà anotherà person. Bone marrow transplantationà wasà used toà successfullyà treatà leukemia andà differentà illnessesà andà stipulationsà over the years. Ità used to beà in theà Nineteen Seventiesà that discoveries in stemà cell research began toà rapidlyà accelerate. Here is aà rapidà seemà at the timeline of stemà à discoveriesà beginningà in 1978: 1978: Stem cellsà had beenà discoveredà in human umbilicalà cordà blood. 1981: The first in vitro stemà cell treatment wasà developed from mice. 1988: Stemà cellà tracesà from embryosà had beenà derived from a hamster. Thomas went on toà inaugurateà bone marrow transplantation as aà frequent mannerà in theà cureà of cancer,à prevailingà the Nobel Prize in 1990 for his work. 1995: the first embryonic stemà cell lineà wasà created from a primate. 1997: A lamb named Dollyà used to beà cloned from stem cells 1997: The origins of leukemiaà had beenà traced to defects in aà preciseà typeà ofà cancerà stem cells. 1998: James A. Thompson at the University of Wisconsinà remotedà cells from theà mass of early human embryos,à developingà the first embryonic stemà cells. 1998: John D. Gearhart working at Johns Hopkins University, derived germ cells from cells in fetal gonad tissue. 1999 and 2000: Scientistsà determinedà that manipulatingà adultà mouse tissuesà shouldà produceà unique cellà types. Thisà portrayedà that cells from bone marrowà ought toà produce nerve or liver cells, and cells in theà order toà additionallyà yieldà otherà cellà types. These discoveriesà have beenà excitingà for theà subjectà of stemà cellà research, promisingà higherà scientificà controlà over stemà cellà differentiation and proliferation. 2006: researchersà effectivelyà transformed, somatic cells into a stem cell-like state. This newà sortà of stemà cellà was subsequentlyà calledà ââ¬Å"induced pluripotent stem cellsâ⬠. HISTORY OF GENETIC ENGINEERING Ancient times to 1900 Gatherers discover nourishment from plants they find in nature, and agriculturists plant seeds spared from trained products. Sustenanceââ¬â¢s are controlled using yeast and maturation. A few naturalists and ranchers start to perceive half and halves, plants delivered through characteristic reproducing between related assortments of plants. 1900 European plant researchers start utilizing Gregor Mendels hereditary hypothesis to control and enhance plant species. This is classified great determination. A plant of one assortment is crossed with a related plant to create wanted qualities. Current hereditary building 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick distribute their revelation of the three-dimensional twofold helix structure of DNA. This disclosure will in the long run lead to the capacity of researchers to recognize and join qualities from one sort of living being into the DNA of another. 1973 Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen join their examination to make the primary effective recombinant DNA living being. 1980 The U.S. Preeminent Court in Diamond v. Chakrabarty decides that hereditarily changed living things can be protected. The choice permits the Exxon Oil Company to patent an oil-eating microorganism. 1982 The U.S. Sustenance and Drug Administration affirms the principal hereditarily built medication, Genentechs Humulin, a type of human insulin created by microscopic organisms. This is the principal purchaser item created through present day bioengineering. 1986 The primary field trial of hereditarily designed plants (tobacco) are led in Belgium. 1987 The main field trial of hereditarily built yields (tobacco and tomato) are directed in the United States. 1992 Calgenes Favr Savr tomato, built to stay firm for a more extended timeframe, is endorsed for business generation by the US Department of Agriculture. 1992 The FDA pronounces that hereditarily designed sustenances are not inalienably hazardous and dont require uncommon control. 1994 The European Unions first hereditarily built harvest, tobacco, is endorsed in France. 2000 Worldwide Biosafety Protocol is affirmed by 130 nations at the Convention on Biological Diversity in Montrà ©al, Canada. The convention concurs after marking of hereditarily designed products, yet at the same time should be approved by 50 countries before it becomes effective. HISTORY OF VACCINATION The historical backdrop of immunization Immunization is a wonder of present day drug. In the previous 50 years, its spared a greater number of lives worldwide than some other therapeutic item or methodology. Nonetheless, the intriguing story of immunization returns the distance to Ancient Greece. 429 BC: Thucydides sees that individuals who endure smallpox dont get reinfected As long back as 429 BC, the Greek student of history Thucydides saw that the individuals who endure the smallpox torment in Athens did not progress toward becoming reinfected with the ailment. 900 AD: Chinese find variolation The Chinese were the first to find and utilize a crude type of inoculation called variolation. It was completed as ahead of schedule as the tenth century, and especially between the fourteenth and seventeenth hundreds of years. The point was to anticipate smallpox by presenting sound individuals to tissue from the scabs caused by the ailment. They did this by either putting it under the skin or, all the more frequently, embeddings powdered scabs from smallpox pustules up the nose. 1700s: Variolation spreads far and wide Variolation inevitably spread to Turkey, and touched base in England in the mid eighteenth century. Right now, smallpox was the most irresistible infection in Europe. It struck rich and poor alike, and executed up to one-fifth of those contaminated in various scourges. Variolation caused mellow disease, however despite the fact that it sometimes caused passing, smallpox rates were bring down in populaces that attempted it. 1796: Edward Jenner finds inoculation English doctor Dr Edward Jenner found inoculation in its cutting edge frame and demonstrated to mainstream researchers that it worked. 1803: Royal Jennerian Institute established Support for immunization developed. Jenner was granted government subsidizing, and in 1803 the Royal Jennerian Institute was established. Inoculation ended up famous all through Europe and, before long, the US. 1870s: Violent resistance to immunization Despite the fact that immunization was taken up energetically by many, there was some brutal resistance as it turned out to be progressively broad. Individuals thought that it was difficult to trust that it truly worked. They additionally felt it removed individuals respectful freedoms, especially when it was necessary. 1880s: An immunization against rabies Louis Pasteur enhanced immunization much more and built up a rabies antibody. As the study of immunology created and researchers started to see increasingly about how infections functioned, different antibodies were made. 1890: Emil von Behring finds the premise of diphtheria and lockjaw immunizations German researcher Emil von Behring was granted the principal Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Japanese doctor and bacteriologist Shibasaburo Kitasato found the immunizing agents of diphtheria and lockjaw. He showed that creatures infused with little measures of the lockjaw poison wound up resistant to the malady. 1920s: Vaccines turn out to be broadly accessible Before the finish of the 1920s, antibodies for diphtheria, lockjaw, challenging hack and tuberculosis (TB) were all accessible. Inoculation spread over the globe ââ¬â in spite of the fact that these early immunizations were unrefined, they worked. The principal inoculation programs drastically decreased the quantity of passings from ailment and were urgent in setting up the idea of protection general wellbeing measures. 1955: Polio inoculation starts Polio inoculation was presented in the UK, drastically decreasing the quantity of instances of the ailment. These days, polio is very uncommon and is near being totally killed from the planet. 1956: WHO battles to kill smallpox The principal endeavor to utilize the smallpox antibody on a worldwide scale started when the World Health Organization (WHO) chose to attempt to annihilate smallpox over the world. 1980: Smallpox annihilated from the world Smallpox was proclaimed as being killed in 1980. It was a standout amongst the most exceptional accomplishments ever of. 2008: Cervical disease researcher granted Nobel Prize Teacher Harald zur Hausen found that cervical malignancy was caused by an infection, making it conceivable to build up an antibody for the illness. The researcher demonstrated that a gathering of infections called human papillomaviruses (HPV) caused cervical malignant growth. This revelation prompted the advancement of the HPV immunization, which secures against cervical disease, and is presently generally accessible. 2008: NHS immunizes young ladies against malignant growth In England, the NHS cervical malignant growth immunization program started, whereby all young ladies matured 12 to 13 are offered HPV inoculation to ensure them against cervical disease. It is the first occasion when that a normal all inclusive immunization has been given to keep a kind of malignant growth. 2013: NHS inoculates against shingles, rotavirus and youngsters influenza The NHS inoculation program saw the presentation of rotavirus immunization for children and a shingles antibody for over-70s. A kids influenza immunization was likewise propelled. This is given as a nasal shower as opposed to an infusion. 2015: NHS inoculates babies against meningitis B The NHS immunization program saw the presentation of MenB inoculation for infants. The program is the main national, everyday practice, widespread and freely financed MenB inoculation program on the planet. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02479523641975697641noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-556081201033198218.post-26532135722895610122019-12-27T08:41:00.001-08:002019-12-27T08:41:02.680-08:00Teen Pregnancy Education Is A Virtue - 851 Words Teen Pregnancy: Education Is A Virtue Dating back many centuries, teen pregnancy was the cultural norm where women as young as twelve are married off to men to conceive their children. Back then, it was acceptable for young women to bare a child once first menarche and have as many children as her body could bare. In todayââ¬â¢s society, teen pregnancy is looked down upon, yet sexual appealing imagery is solicited throughout social media, television networks, magazines, and music. So how is it that teen moms are subject to ridicule and mockery when they are ill educated, media influenced, and peer pressured into situations they never understood. This paper will discuss proper sex education services, teen pregnancy support programs, the impact of television reality, contraception management, and socio-economic difficulties. The Initial Assessment and Nursing Diagnoses As adolescents enter their primitive years, many physiological changes take affect. The search for sexual identity begins as well as physical transformation from the pubescent to the adult body. Psychological changes take hold as well as adolescents balance the need for guidance with an increased thirst for freedom and parental independence. Scholars have linked these changes to several troubling issues in adolescent sexual behaviors including high rates of teen pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases (Goesling et. al., 2014). 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While people are divided and confused in their concerns of this class being taught in grade schools, I disagree with the course being studied from kinderga rten through third grades. Sex education should only be taught when a child inquiresRead MoreThe Effects Of Teen Pregnancy On Lower Ses Adolescents3260 Words à |à 14 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of teen pregnancy on the of lower ses adolescents. The scope of the problem, the social context of teenage pregnancy, and the consequences will be examined. teenage mother face difficulties and problems during and after pregnancy twice as much as more than older women and their pregnant ââ¬Å"counterpartsâ⬠who delayed childbearing until after age 20 .Low ses greater risk of becoming teenager pregnant and influence the development of both the course Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02479523641975697641noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-556081201033198218.post-14280578682596743372019-12-19T04:29:00.001-08:002019-12-19T04:29:04.468-08:00Mass Communication - 5882 Words MASS COMUNICATION Field of study In the United States, many university journalism departments evolved into schools or colleges of mass communication or journalism and mass communication, as reflected in the names of two major academic organizations. In addition to studying practical skills of journalism, public relations or advertising, students also may major in mass communication or mass communication research. The latter is often the title given to doctoral studies in such schools, whether the focus of the students research is journalism practice, history, law or media effects. Departmental structures within such colleges may separate research and instruction in professional or technical aspects of . Mass communicationâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The word communication is really equated with transmission, as viewed by the sender, rather than in the fuller meaning, which includes the notions of response, sharing and interaction. Messages are produced by one set of individuals and transmitted to others who are ty pically situated in settings that are spatially and temporally remote from the original context of production. Therefore, the term communication in this context masks the social and industrial nature of the media, promoting a tendency to think of them as interpersonal communication. Furthermore, it is known that recipients today do have some capacity to intervene in and contribute to the course and content of the communicative process. They are being both active and creative towards the messages that they are conveyed of. With the complement of the cyberspace supported by the Internet, not only that recipients are participants in a structured process of symbolic transmission, constraints such as time and space are reordered and eliminated. Mass communication can be seen as institutionalized production and generalized diffusion of symbolic goods via the fixation and transmission of information or symbolic content. It is known that the systems of information codification has shifted from analog to digital. This has indeed advanced the communication between individuals. With the existence of Infrared, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi, cell phones are no longer solely a tool forShow MoreRelatedThe Mass Of Mass Communication Essay1777 Words à |à 8 PagesModern life has become accustomed to the use and influence of mass communication. The telegraph, gramophone, radio transmission, and moving images such as television are some of the earliest forms of mass communication that became entangled with various capitalist government regulations and an interpersonal mass audience. In the 1980ââ¬â¢s a second media revolution began to emerge with the technological advancements of ââ¬Å"digital convergenceâ⬠which is the ability to acce ss a range of multimedia contentRead MoreMass Media Communication1719 Words à |à 7 PagesDefinition Mass media is a media intended for a large audience. It may take the form of broadcast media, as in the case of television and radio, or print media, like newspapers and magazines. 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These technologies are used to reach large audiences Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02479523641975697641noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-556081201033198218.post-17790684425586811962019-12-11T01:12:00.001-08:002019-12-11T01:12:02.537-08:00Managing stress free essay sample Stress can be defined as a lively circumstance in which people face constraints, opportunities, or loss of something they desire and for which the consequence is both unpredictable as well as crucial. Stress is the response of people to the unreasonable/excessive pressure or demands placed on them. (MSG, 2011) It is important for employees to know the root cause of their stress so they can manage the various causes. There are instances where stress is utilized for positive and the results are good for the organizational. At the end of the fiscal year many employees become focused on the goal due to the stress of finishing a specific task on time. Manager must know the instances where stress is managing the goal and they do not need to add to the positive effect of the stress by adding to it. Stress experienced by the employees in their job has negative impact on their health, performance and their behavior in the organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Managing stress or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Both the organization and the employee are responsible for managing stress. Organizational strategies for managing stress It is important for the organizations Human Resources to work with managers and employees to ensure that stress is managed. HR needs to ensure stress management features are added to the coverage of all employees. Many companies have toll free numbers that offer stress management 24 hours a day. These services will reduce the price of health insurance because employees are limiting and managing their stress which is a saving to the health insurance provider. 1. Encouraging more of organizational communication with the employees so that there is no role ambiguity/conflict. Effective communication can also change employee views. Managers can use better signs and symbols which are not misinterpreted by the employees. 2. Encourage employeesââ¬â¢ participation in decision-making. This will reduce role stress. 3. Grant the employees greater independence, meaningful and timely feedback, and greater responsibility. 4. The organizational goals should be realistic, stimulating and particular. The employees must be given feedback on how well they are heading towards these goals. (MSG, 2011) Individual strategies for managing stress Individuals must be made aware of stress and given options to manage their stress. Brown-bag lunches where the employee can eat lunch and learn the effects of stress and how to manage their stress them is very useful. Time management courses are helpful to individuals since much of stress is centered on managing our time. 1. The employees should make a ââ¬Å"to-doâ⬠list daily, prioritize the acts in the list and plan the acts accordingly. Take regular breaks during work to relax you. By effective time management, the employees can achieve their targets timely and can meet work pressures and, thus, avoid stress. Indulge in physical exercises. It helps in effective blood circulation, keeps you fit, diverts mind from work pressures. 3. Encourage a healthy lifestyle. Take a regular sleep, have plenty of water, have healthy eating habits. Promote relaxation techniques such as yoga, listening music and meditation. 4. The employees should have optimistic approach about their work. They should avoid connections with negative approach employees. (MSG, 2011) MSG, . (2011). Employee stress strategies for managing stress at workplace. Retrieved from http://www. managementstudyguide. com/employee-stress. htm Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02479523641975697641noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-556081201033198218.post-85594675427911806972019-12-03T12:53:00.001-08:002019-12-03T12:53:03.619-08:00Reducing Poverty A Case Study on Unilever and Oxfam Unileverââ¬â¢s Strategy Any organization, whether profit-oriented or charitable, must proactively define, design and develop its strategy or model of operation for current and future needs. A working strategy assists organizations to make credible decisions on the way they apportion their resources, pursue their objectives, and relate with the outside environment (Blazey, 2008, p. 8).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Reducing Poverty: A Case Study on Unilever and Oxfam specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Unileverââ¬â¢s strategy revolves around producing products that people will identify with for profitability reasons, while working with communities on the ground to promote good health and better life under the banner of Corporate Social Responsibility (Crawford Smith, 2008, p. 3) One of the principle tenets of Unileverââ¬â¢s business strategy is the capacity to localize its operations while still rema ining internationally recognized. Whereas other MNCââ¬â¢s have been deceived by the desire to make more profits, Unilever business model appear to be designed along three interrelated axis ââ¬â performance, community concerns, and employees. It is the duty of any company, however small, to plough back some profits to its shareholders, and Unilever does well on that front judging by the estimates given. It also scores highly on CSR activities in line with the philosophy of its founder, William Hesketh, that the company must assist individuals using their products to live a decent, rewarding life (Crawford Smith, 2008, p. 3-4). Many other MNCââ¬â¢s are unable to plough back some of their gains to society in an attempt to reduce poverty. Unilever also caries the welfare of its employees at heart by offering them good working conditions and rewarding their hard work. Through the sale of products that are tailored to meet the needs of local populations, Unilever actively knows that ââ¬Å"its success depends on the economic health of countries in which it operatesâ⬠(Crawford Smith, 2008, p. 3). That is its business model. Unileverââ¬â¢s Relationship with Oxfam In the case, it is evidently clear there exist a stormy relationship between NGOââ¬â¢s and MNCââ¬â¢s, with the humanitarian organizations accusing multinationals of exploiting the poor thorough offering low wages and predatory pricing of their products, and the multinationals hitting back accusing the NGOââ¬â¢s of being stooges out to gain international recognition, and hence more funding (Crawford Smith, 2008, p. 5). However, Oxfam, an international NGO, is categorical that some TNCââ¬â¢s that exercise best practices in dealing with the local populations and environmental concerns could actually be exploited to spur socioeconomic growth and stability. Unilever happens to be one of such organizations judging from its philosophy, missions and values.Advertising Looking fo r term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It therefore follows that although Unilever and Oxfam are ideologically divergent in terms of their missions and purposes of operations, both are involved in safeguarding the interests of the poor ââ¬â Unilever through CSR programs and Oxfam through advocacy and training programs. The convergence arises from the fact that both organizations are passionately engaged in community activities aimed at reducing poverty, the major bottleneck towards individual development and wellbeing. What are the Key Learningââ¬â¢s? The case presents major lessons for professionals and organizations interested in CSR and advocacy work at the community level. From the case, it is clear that most MNCââ¬â¢s conduct their businesses in Least Developed Countries (LCDs) with no regard to the communities and environmental concerns of their areas of operations. However, ââ¬Å"in t heory, TNCââ¬â¢s have the potential to offer valuable assets that developing countries need: capital; technology; a skills and knowledge base; managerial experience and access to marketsâ⬠(Crawford Smith, 2008, p. 5). Another key learning is that the urgency and prevalence of poverty and inequality in many third world countries must be tackled through a radical shift in the policies and practices of institutions that are viewed to exacerbate poverty in the communities. Instead of giving the poor relief food and other handouts in the hope that the problem will soon be over, they should be taught how to fish by first doing away with provisions of policies and practices that exploits the most vulnerable in society. The poor should then be given the resources required to sustain their own livelihoods (Crawford Smith, 2008, p. 8). Forth, the case enlightens readers on how the NGOââ¬â¢s could partner with the private sector to further their agenda of catering for the needs o f the poor and the marginalized in society (Crawford Smith, 2008, p. 10). Indeed, this is a viable prerequisite if duplication of projects and activities aimed at helping the poor at the community level is to be avoided. Such an alignment and pulling together of resources is what Unileverââ¬â¢s calls ââ¬Å"proactive Stakeholder engagement strategyâ⬠(p.11). Individuals and organizations need to work together if they share the same values for purposes of realizing shared dreams. Reference List Blazey, M.L. (2008). Insights to performance excellence 2008: An inside look at theà 2008 Baldridge Award Criteria. American society for quality. ISBN: 9780873897280Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Reducing Poverty: A Case Study on Unilever and Oxfam specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Crawford, R.J., Smith, N.C. (2008). Unilever and Oxfam: Understanding the Needs ofà business on poverty. INSEAD-EABIS This term paper on Reducing Poverty: A Case Study on Unilever and Oxfam was written and submitted by user Edith Jensen to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02479523641975697641noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-556081201033198218.post-80984741262543415412019-11-27T15:06:00.001-08:002019-11-27T15:06:05.629-08:00Valley Homes v Ace Minerals Corp Essay ExampleValley Homes v Ace Minerals Corp Essay Jones is a young, recently hired female salesperson working for Valley Homes, a small company manufacturing and selling prefabricated dwellings. They sell primarily to people wanting to build their own cabins and summer homes. Jones job consists in working out the designs with the customers, pricing that design, and then working out the specifics with the engineering section, which develops plans and sets out the exact specifications for the production of the dwelling. She then follows up with the customer, even providing a contractor to build the dwelling if needed. A large mining company, Ace Minerals Corporation, as part of the development of a huge mineral deposit in northern Manitoba had to build a townsite for the miners and their families consisting of some 50 dwellings as well as a sports and recreation complex. Under the supervision of the vice-president of finance, Li, Ace Minerals published a request for tenders for the supply and erection of these 50 homes and recreation centre. Upon request Ace provided the specifications and the other details of the tendering process, including a statement that 1) once submitted the bid could not be withdrawn before the formal opening of all the bids (2) the lowest bid would be accepted, following the standard practice in the industry. Jones obtained these details and brought them to the attention of the Valley Homes executive arguing that the company had to change their method of doing business from just servicing the residential retail market and get more into the growing industrial sector. This was consistent with conversations that had recently taken place between the president of the company and major shareholders and so it was decided to submit a bid on the Ace Minerals project. We will write a custom essay sample on Valley Homes v Ace Minerals Corp specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Valley Homes v Ace Minerals Corp specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Valley Homes v Ace Minerals Corp specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Jones and Brundel, the sales manager, were designated as the team to develop Valley Homes bid. They worked for several days, enlisting the help of the engineering department completing and submitting the bid on the day specified by Ace. That evening Jones was reviewing the bid and to her horror discovered a significant error in the calculations prepared by Brundel, the sales manager. Jones quickly redid the calculations and found to her added horror that instead of making a 15 percent profit on the deal they would suffer a 20 percent loss. On such a huge order this could be enough to bankrupt the company. On further examination it became clear that Brundel had intentionally structured the error and cleverly hid it in a way that made it very difficult to find. It was only by chance that Jones had discovered the error at all. It was later learned that Brundel as sales manager felt threatened by this business brought in by the upstart Jones and set out to sabotage the project to make sure things stayed the way they were. He felt that when the deal lost money, Jones would be blamed and he could then get rid of Jones with the blessing of the president. Jones brought the miscalculations and conduct of Brundel to the attention of the resident of the company. The president called Brundel into the office, confronted him with what he had done and it was at this point that Brundel broke down, confessed his misconduct and explained that because of his age he felt threatened by Jones and worried that he would lose his position to her. The president fired Brundel outright, and then went to the offices of the mining company. He met with the vice-president of finance, Li, and presented him with a letter explaining the mistake and in a formal way revoking the bid that had been submitted the day before. Although the bids had not yet been opened, Li declared that even though he was very sympathetic to the problems of Valley Homes, he could not interfere with the integrity of the bidding process once the bid had been accepted by the company for consideration. He said that they would simply have to wait until that afternoon when the bids would be opened to determine their fate. When the bids were opened, not surprisingly, Valley Homes was the lowest bidder and their bid was then automatically accepted by Ace. The next day the president of Valley Homes and Jones met a management team of Ace headed by Li, where the problem was discussed. The Ace group confirmed their position but did indicate an understanding of the difficult position that Valley Homes found themselves in. They also pointed out that they realized that it was not in their interests to see Valley Homes fail and not be able to finish the job. They therefore agreed that if the project was satisfactorily completed on time, a bonus of would be paid to Valley Homes of half the difference between their price and the next lowest bid. This would allow Valley Homes to do just a little better than break even on the job, thus avoiding bankruptcy. It was also understood that there would likely be future dealings between these two companies and because of the good relations created in this meeting Valley Homes would give Ace Minerals an especially good deal on the next project. As the project proceeded, a series of payments were made to Valley Homes, all 59 days after the date specified in the contract. As is normally the case with these kinds of projects, there was a clause in the contract whereby Ace would not have to pay interest on any late payments so long as payment was received by Valley within 60 days of the day payable. Eventually the project was finished on time to the satisfaction of all parties, but the bonus was not paid. Valley Homes waited the specified 60 days and when the bonus was still not paid, they went to Lis office for an explanation. They learned at this time that Li had been replaced and they were invited to meet with the new vice-president of finance, Mr. Grey. He explained that over the months Ace had carefully monitored the project and the health of Valley Homes and had decided that they were in better financial shape than either party had anticipated. Bankruptcy was not a threat and therefore the mining company had decided not to pay the bonus. Mr. Grey went on to explain that they were entirely satisfied with the work that had been done and that Valley Homes should in no way take this failure to pay the bonus as an indication of dissatisfaction on their part with the company, the personnel, or the quality or timeliness of the work performed. In fact Greys final comment was that he hoped that the two companies would have many years of cooperative ventures in the future. Discuss the options available to Valley Homes in these circumstances. There is great uncertainty about what the present Anglo-Canadian law of mistake is. No two authors agree in their analysis and the same confusion exists in the case law. Reputable scholars often disagree about the interpretation of the same case. (Report on Amendment of the Law of Contract, at 252) In our case, Valley Homes v. Ace Minerals Corp. , we identified several legal issues that Valley Homes, a small manufacturing and selling prefabricated dwellings company, encountered from the moment they decided to submit a bid on the Ace Minerals project. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02479523641975697641noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-556081201033198218.post-21684123267929532932019-11-23T22:40:00.001-08:002019-11-23T22:40:07.116-08:00Know Your EschatologyKnow Your Eschatology Know Your Eschatology Know Your Eschatology By Maeve Maddox Political discussion these days often slips into the area of religion, particularly a belief in something called the Rapture. This might be a good time to look at some Christian theological terms and their definitions. eschatology [Ãâ¢skÃâ¢-tÃ
lÃâ¢-jÃâ] 1844, from Gk. eskhatos last, furthest, remote. As a theological term it means the study of last things, i.e. death, judgment, heaven, and hell. parousia [prÃ
«-sÃâÃâ¢, pÃâ¢-rÃ
«zÃâ-Ãâ¢] -A Greek term that means arrival or coming. It is usually used to mean the Second Coming of Christ. Millennium [mÃâ¢-lÃâ¢nÃâ-Ãâ¢m] from L. mille thousand + annus year, hence a period of 1,000 years. In Christian theology it denotes a period of 1,000 years during which Christ rules on Earth, a golden age, a time of universal peace. Amillennialism The a is a negative. This is the teaching that there is no literal 1,000 year reign of Christ as referenced in Revelation 20. Instead, it teaches that we are in the Millennium now. At the end of this millennium Christ will return. The final judgment will take place and the heavens and the earth will then be destroyed and remade. Antichrist a figure who opposes God. The word is used to describe a spirit of rebellion against God. Taken literally it refers to a specific future person who actively opposes Christ. He is able to perform miracles. Some believe he will be an incarnation of Satan. Christ will defeat him in a final battle. Armageddon [rmÃâ¢-gÃâ¢dn] the battle in which Christ destroys Satan, hence any complete disaster resulting in the end of the world. Tribulation a seven-year interval when a world religious-political leader called the Antichrist takes power. Rapture from Medieval Latin raptura, seizure, rape, kidnapping from Latin raptus a carrying off. An eschatological event in which true Christians are caught up in the air to meet the returning Christ. NOTE: There is disagreement as to whether the Rapture will take place before, after, or during the Tribulation. Historical Premillennialism a belief held by a large percentage of Christians during the first three centuries of Christianity. It is the belief that the Antichrist appears on earth and sets off the seven-year Tribulation. At the end of the seven years Christ comes, the saved are raptured, and his Church rules the Earth for a Millennium. During this thousand years of peace the faithful live in Jerusalem, occupying spiritual bodies. After this period, all people are judged. The faithful will spend eternity on a new earth, not in heaven. NOTE: After Christianity became the official religion of Rome in the fourth century CE, this belief was declared a heresy and suppressed. The belief reappeared in the 19th century and, with several variations, has again become widespread. Post-millennialism [pÃ
stmÃâ¢-lÃâ¢nÃâ-Ãâ¢-là zÃâ¢m] the belief that Jesus established the Kingdom of God in the first century and that we are already in the Millennium (not an exact 1,000 years, but a very long time). The Second Coming will occur after (post) this current Millennium. Pre-millennialism [prÃâmà -lÃâ¢nÃâ-Ãâ¢-là zÃâ¢m] (1844) the belief that the Millennium lies in the future. Christ will come, bind Satan and his helpers, and rule over a peaceful earth for 1,000 years. At the end of that time Christ will release Satan and his angels who will raise an army which Jesus will destroy in the Battle of Armageddon. The Last Judgment will occur and a new heaven and new earth created. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:30 Religious Terms You Should KnowComma Before But12 Misunderstood and Misquoted Shakespearean Expressions Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02479523641975697641noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-556081201033198218.post-62877822792614506102019-11-21T06:00:00.001-08:002019-11-21T06:00:03.457-08:00Race and Your Community Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 wordsRace and Your Community - Research Paper Example However, globalization has come to change how people perceive those from other races. There is more appreciation nowadays that people irrespective of race are just but human beings and can live in peace as brothers as sisters. For a society to grow racial tolerance is essential. This paper looks into various influences of race in my community in Phoenix, Arizona. Discussion Working in a copper mining company in Phoenix has helped me to develop the way I perceive people from different racial backgrounds. It is however not easy to intermingle freely with people from other races. There are still minor tensions that exist which get eroded as people work together more and share experiences. I work as a clerk whereby I attend to all people irrespective of their position in the company. I have come to disregard the popular belief that people exhibit differences based on their racial affiliations. It is however true that people from different races normally behave and perceive things differe ntly. My analysis on this issue is that this happens based not on their race but their background or environment. The basic issue is that all people be they Caucasians, Hispanics, Asians or African Americans, exhibit similarities in their values and beliefs. From my family background we were always taught that all people are equal in the eyes of the Creator and as such we should see them in the same light. Racism therefore forms a less important issue of debate in my community but should not be neglected altogether as scattered incidences still happen (Hartmann & Cornell, 2007). I can remember vividly when I was little where both in school and at home children used to play together irrespective of their race. It is after we grew up that we started taking racial differences more consciously. What we were being taught as children was basically to respect other people especially the elders. Respect for each other was also heavily emphasized by our parents where fighting or insulting an other child was heavily punished. Looking back in my childhood neighborhood I can recall that older people from the same race tended to socialize more despite there being no other major differences among people. I think this was due to the fact that the racial differences were quite intense when they were growing up and segregation became part of their life and routine. The media in Phoenix has been unbiased along racial lines. What forms the basis of news is what is worth being aired as news and not an individualââ¬â¢s race. For this media what is important is the way they will deliver their stories to captivate their listeners and viewers. Due to heightened competition between media houses what matters to them is how many listeners and viewers they have managed to capture (Hartmann & Cornell, 2007). As such, they try their best to remain unbiased irrespective of the character at the center of news or controversy. This is partly due to the realization that without people from al l races forming their clientele base, success in the media business is impossible. The media in Phoenix therefore offers African Americans, Hispanics and Caucasians a level playing field when it comes to content in their news and programing. In Phoenix leadership is well shared by people from different races. It therefore presents the rich diversity of races that inhabit this state. It is important to appreciate that inhabitants of Phoenix hail not only from Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02479523641975697641noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-556081201033198218.post-50214738108144519632019-11-20T05:21:00.001-08:002019-11-20T05:21:04.409-08:00Psychological-profiling-of-terrorists Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsPsychological-profiling-of-terrorists - Essay Example Before Israel was evicted, it had been involved in combat with the Palestineââ¬â¢s Palestine Liberation Organization in Lebanon. Israel had been involved in this war against the Palestine Liberation Organization in the Southern Lebanon where Israel had invaded and sieged Beirut. The Shia Muslim community then rebelled against Israel through guerrilla warfare after recognized that Israel had no aim of leaving Lebanon. This warfare was inducted by a political group in Lebanon known as the Amal Movement meaning hope (Azani, 2011).The Lebanese Shia Muslim Community had sympathized with the Israelites to get rid of the Palestinian Liberation Organization. This later turned to disillusionment when the Israelites held talks with only the ruling Christian pecking order. This infuriated the Muslims as they saw that they were not considered. They also rose up to establish Islamic rule over Lebanon. They had been disproportionately been represented in the countryââ¬â¢s institutions. They also were involved in a war with the Israelites in 2006 which led to the death of 1000 Lebanese a 1,000,000 people were displaced. The war started as Lebanon attempted to pressure Israel to release them (Cordesman, 2007).Hezbollah used well laid suicide bombing, killings and by conquering soldiers in the other parts of the Middle East. They continued to fight the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) using suicide attacks. Later the Hezbollah turned into a paramilitary group where they changed their tactics from capturing the Israel soldiers into the use of missiles. and other explosives and detonations. Syria, at the finalization of the Lebanese war, took control over Lebanon and allowed the Hezbollah to keep their military weapons and to control the southern Lebanon and the Israel border (Azani, 2011). Later in 1990ââ¬â¢s, Hezbollah turned to a political group where it was involved in elections in 1992 and won the 12 seats it had contested for in the electoral list. Later in 1997, Hezbollah established an army unit to fight against Israel Occupation. Later in the year 2000 Israel withdrew its militia from Lebanon. This signified the victory of Hezbollah. After the withdrawal of the Israel Defense Forces from Lebanon, Hezbollahââ¬â¢s main aim had been accomplished and they now started expanding their influence over other terror groups such as the Palestinian groups in West Bank and Gaza by furnishing them with knowhow on military and even sponsored them financially and with equipments (Azani, 2011). Hezbollah provides social services to the Lebanese community through provision of hospitals and education through schools countrywide. Hezbollah has also organized a Martyrââ¬â¢s Institute which assures to offer living and education costs for their soldiers who die in wars. The United Nations also noticed through an IRIN news report that Hezbollah is not only armed and political wings but also has large social development program where it operates four hospitals, 11 clinics, 11 schools and 2 Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02479523641975697641noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-556081201033198218.post-37337184072695945792019-11-17T17:52:00.001-08:002019-11-17T17:52:08.009-08:00Caribbean Political Philosophy Essay Example for Free Caribbean Political Philosophy Essay Western Political Philosophy in the opinion of this essay is a concerted attempt to project and impose on a hapless people a foundation for immediate, continued domination and exploitation, we, therefore as a united Caribbean people, cannot solve our problems with the same thinking that created them. This paper identifies and discusses the central themes (thinking) of Gordon Lewisââ¬â¢ Main Currents in Caribbean Thought, Paget Henrysââ¬â¢ Calibans Reason, Rex Nettlefordsââ¬â¢ ââ¬Å"The Battle for Spaceâ⬠and Charles W. Millsââ¬â¢ Blackness Visible. This identification and discussion (generally) is achieved by tracing the evolution of Caribbean Political thought through an examination of race/class, explanations of underdevelopment, perspectives on dependency and the anti colonial movement inter alia. The paper goes on to explain (specifically) the manner in which these works assist in understanding the characteristic features, concerns and content of Caribbean political thought. The final section briefly examines where the Caribbean is at currently by isolating the present set of circumstances engaging the islands. In doing so the paper hopes to make a contribution to the understanding and progress of Caribbean political thought. INTRODUCTION The Caribbean has been described as an area of European colonisation and exploitation through slavery and the plantation system according to Dennis Benn (1987), it has also been described in terms of the product of these conjoined variables, the product of a racial mixture of African, European and Asian referred to as Creole. Nigel Bolland (2004) describes Creole as locally born persons of non-native origin, which, in the Americas, generally means people of either African or European ancestry. This essay goes further and defines this groupsââ¬â¢ contribution to this space, diverse in cultural, ethnic and religious inputs, in terms of the new demands to be made on the state from the product of the aforementioned conjoining. Contribution is achieved by way of a clearly articulated political philosophy moderating the competing interest. It is this articulation that is the purview of this essay. To this end an effort will be made to identify and critically discuss the central themes of Gordon Lewisââ¬â¢ ââ¬Å"Main Currents in Caribbean Thoughtâ⬠, Paget Henrysââ¬â¢ ââ¬Å"Calibanââ¬â¢s Reasonâ⬠, Rex Nettlefordsââ¬â¢ ââ¬Å"The Battle for Spaceâ⬠and Charles W. Millsââ¬â¢ ââ¬Å"Blackness Visibleâ⬠. To achieve the necessary coverage of the issues the essay will proceed as follows: an analysis of the characteristic features, concerns and content of Caribbean political thought. Comparisons will be made to typically distinctive aspects of African and European political philosophy (characteristic features), democracy, representation, institutional arrangement and authority (concerns), equality, social justice, welfare (content). It is by this comparison to the assumed standard that a location of Caribbean political thought could be made and understanding of its existence assessed. Finally the understanding sought will be put to use in locating the Caribbean in this global milieu. It is hoped that a contribution however small will contribute to the ongoing development of Caribbean Political Thought. CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES The assumption that philosophy is held as a European monopoly is grounded in an intellectual tradition whose history consists of the evolution of menââ¬â¢s thoughts about political problems over time according to Sabine and Thorson (1973). Thankfully, there is balance to the discussion accorded by nuanced analysis describing the aforementioned assertion as a false assumption given that these phenomena as known to the Greek were but artefacts of thought George Belle (1996). The question must, therefore, be asked to what extent the character of Caribbean political philosophy shown a level of independence from western political philosophy and by extention an enlightened path that reflects its African/European/Asian origin and coalescence of its peoples (Creole). This coalescence is described, to a large extent, by C W Mills (1998) as ââ¬Å"the coexistence of parallel but incompatible institutional arrangements within a recognised political stateâ⬠speaks clearly to the many complex issues engaging the multitude of interest acting within this Caribbean. Significantly and more importantly, is the anti-colonial struggle that is fought at the level of the psyche through cultural and spiritual expressions Paget Henry (1997). This essay will examine both examples and place them into context. Henry argues that religion has undergone systematic alienation within the Caribbean theatre by way of a ââ¬Å"lowering of its register or importance to thought. â⬠His observations show an embrace of Eurocentric Christianity used by the former colonials as a tool of control and subordination culminating in a radical disenfranchising of traditional African religions pertaining to inherited Afro-Caribbean Christianity (voodoo and shango). He explained: ââ¬Å"A deployment of binaries (negative assertions) led to European/Christian denials of the existence of an African religious philosophy, significantly and more importantly, is the anti-colonial struggle that is fought at the level of the psyche through cultural and spiritual expressions. â⬠What is noted by Henry is the idea that stagnation has been allowed to take root in the philosophy allowing gaps for re-colonisation. These gaps are identified by Mills (1998) as he draws on the efforts of David T Wellman (1993) who made clear: ââ¬Å"It has been argued that the historic source of white racism lies in a combination of religious intolerance and cultural predispositions to see non-whites as alien. The medieval battles against Islam are then the precursors of the racism that was to accompany European expansionism into the world. African religions were seen as devil worship, black culture and customs viewed as mumbo jumbo, paradigmatically bizarre. â⬠Henry and Mills collectively recognised the Eurocentric imposition that has come to be known as Christianity and its use as a tool to negatively impact race relations dividing and colonising a people. The expectation would be a Caribbean response in defense and ownership of that cosmology which was African. Instead, according to Belle (1996), an intellectual stasis was the result complementing the concept of negative binaries. Belle went on to intimate: ââ¬Å"Haitian political actors culturally trivialised and ridiculed voodum. The role of voodum, a spiritual expression, in the Haitian experience was central for them in their supernatural and cultural expressions within an anti colonial context. â⬠Recall Mills (1998) ââ¬Å"incompatible institutional arrangementâ⬠alluded to earlier; consider that Henry was able to capture the Haitian dynamic beautifully, this also in the context that Haiti holds the distinction of being the first independent black state of the new world. He expressed it as ââ¬Å"A series of extended debates between the major competing racial groups of the: Euro-Caribbean, Amerindians, Indo-Caribbean and Afro-Caribbean over projects of colonial domination. The philosophical productions of the Euro-Caribbean were aimed at effecting European political and social hegemony (recall Belle (1996)). While, in contrast, the philosophical undertakings of the Indo-Caribbean and Afro-Caribbean were aimed at destroying European hegemony by destroying the legitimacy of their colonial projects. â⬠It is clear from these attempts to define the character of Caribbean political philosophy emphasis has been placed on its utility as an anti colonial tool for overcoming and overturning projects of European hegemony according to Henry (1995). At the heart of these projects are attempts to minimise the effort to develop an alternative to Christianity, reconnection to an African cosmology that bore witness to the imposition of European dogma and through the condemnation of Islam. This essay accepts that any attempt to build out a project must at the same time have a level of self assessment attempted by Mills and Henry in this instance. What are of concern to this essay are efforts from within to compromise the character of the project. It is left to be determined if concerns (to be discussed) will suffer the same fate. CONCERNS The classic argument in favour of western political thought is found in social-contract theories, first proposed by seventeenth-century philosophers Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. Social-contract theory, in fact, constitutes the basis for concerns in modern political thought according to Andrew Heywood (2004). The argument is referenced to society without government, a so-called ââ¬Ëstate of natureââ¬â¢. Hobbes poignantly describes this state of nature as being ââ¬Ësolitary, poor, nasty, brutish and shortââ¬â¢ reinforcing that without government to restrain selfish impulses, order and stability would be impossible. To what extent has this argument been a part of the contribution concerning Caribbean political philosophers or has there been a redefining of Hobbesââ¬â¢ position? Paget Henry (2000) identifies a situation of what came natural to the African and the colonial intrusion of a self appointed hegemonic force. In an attempt to locate the discussion within the confines of the state Henry draws on Kwameh Nkrumah (1965) to establish a modern ideology unlike the European articulation of Hobbes state of nature. The African assessment is one of diametric opposition, Nkrumah explains: ââ¬Å"The traditional face of Africa includes an attitude toward man which can only be described, in its social manifestation, as being socialist. This arises from the fact that man is regarded in Africa as primarily a spiritual being, a being endowed originally with certain inward dignity, integrity and value. â⬠This rationality of the African locates him apart from his European counterpart. Henry showed the widespread existence of one-party states in Africa was not due to one particular outlook he opined it pointed to the persistence of a traditional political culture that included a ââ¬Å"grammarâ⬠of chiefly or kingly political behaviour. The argument is not without reason given the application by Plato to the philosopher kings and much later the Divine Right of Kings show a use of African political structure in an attempt to order a European society. The Caribbean, however, has shown no such inclination having been to a large extent ââ¬Å"trapped in and shaped by social rivalries, ethnic animosities, weak personal/social identity and political fragmentation caused by the twin epiphenomena of slavery and colonialismâ⬠according to Gordon Lewis (1983). This is not by accident Lewis argued that the inability of Caribbean people to come to grips with this reality, that was not imagined but was real, left them open to continued exploitation. He went on to explain quite accurately that: ââ¬Å"Slavery was also a powerful ideological deterrent, for it generated a scale of values in the top, dominant groups of the colonies, in which fear of the black masses stifled aspiration for national independence. At every turn in the story, these groups opted for selfish treason rather than for popular revolt. â⬠Lewis contribution established the consequence of the native bourgeoisies economic dependence upon the colonial bourgeoisie. It has never been the intent of the former coloniser to give more for less on the contrary the intent was one of taking more for less. Observe how the power struggle ostensibly between colonised and coloniser gets displaced by power relations within the colonised body politic itself. Remember the argument is one of government structure based on self interest (Hobbes and Locke) against one based on consensus (Paget Henry). Seemingly self-serving political and economic ambitions knows no boundary and does not seek to serve the interests of the newly independent proletariat. Frantz Fanon (1963) suggests the ways in which intellectual leaders often betray the national working-class: ââ¬Å"Before independence, the leader generally embodies the aspirations of the people for independence, political liberty, and national dignity. But as soon as independence is declared, far from embodying in concrete form the needs of the people in what touches bread, land, and the restoration of the country to the sacred hands of the people, the leader will reveal his inner purpose: to become the general president of that company of profiteers impatient for their returns which constitutes the national bourgeoisie. â⬠Fanons assessment is encapsulated by a more specific argument against the existence of a Caribbean Philosophy, it is the perception of the absence of an intellectual tradition, and the belief the Caribbean is a cultural desert. The widely held view of the Caribbean as a region of the three Sââ¬â¢s: sea, sand and sex. ââ¬â A notion upon which the tourism industry has been constructed by and to this day exploited by a select few (national bourgeoisie). The writers, to a large extent, have highlighted the threats to democracy, representation, institutional arrangement and authority by way of concerns. A social contract theory promulgated by the former colonial has been answered by an African option structured on consensus. A timely observation of the constraints to growth based on petty rivalries is a reminder of the island state vulnerability to external influence. This essay suggests that betrayal of the political elite fairly represents the intellectual dilemma the Caribbean is now facing if Fanon (1963) is accepted. This essay argues that if these concerns were addressed maybe the stability of the natural African heritage would have offered up a leader and a type of governance sensitive to the masses and diversification needed. This essay understands the contribution of Henry and Lewis in attempting to show there was an intellectual tradition drawing attention to democracy, institutional arrangement and authority to address the myriad of concerns. CONTENT Issues that, historically and today, have most concerned political philosophers begin with a set of questions about equality, justice and welfare. These could be thought of as an enquiry into the best form of state according to David Miller (1998). It is a fact that for most of our history human beings have not been governed by states hence the free roaming tribes of Africa, Taino and Kalilingo of the Caribbean and not to be left out the marauding barbarians of Europe. From the inception this essay has identified a specific group as central to the continued existence of the Caribbean. Rex Nettleford (1993) and Charles Mills (2007) confirm that centrality by, in the first instance, identifying the group as one of three broad elements shaping the society in the second instance, through a specific schema that embodies a racial polity both starting at diverging points but eventually reaching a mutually understood location. Nettleford has been innovative using the concept of space to draw attention to social injustice; he describes maronnage or ââ¬Å"the retreat into safe psychic sanctums calling on inner reserves beyond the reach of external violators. â⬠This retreat came about with the use of language to communicate, plan and execute rebellion in a tongue foreign to the invaders bringing some equality to a struggle that was always almost dictated by the colonial. He explained ââ¬Å".. Creole, in the proper sense of native-born, native-bred and not in the sense of an aberration of a dialect to the norm of a standard tongue. The very code switching , so normal to Caribbean people in the liberal use of Creole for appropriate circumstances transformed to the lingua franca as the occasion demands (sometimes in one sentence), is a sign of the capacity to master the flow between inner and outer space on one level. â⬠The code switching to which he refers is an attempt to push back an institution not sympathetic to the Creole. To organise and communicate meant the mastery of a tongue foreign to the colonial because the institutions to which he had a monopoly were unequal, lacked social justice and had no welfare. This was identified by an economic relationship that marginalised tray merchants placing the Caribbean person on the periphery of existence according to Nettleford (1993). The exclusion from the vicinity of ââ¬Å"formal commercial enterprisesâ⬠driving the trader underground to the informal economy away from the formal economy clearly establishes a prima facie case for the judicial, executive and legislative institutions to answer with regard to the adopted precepts of western political thought. Mills wasted no time highlighting the fact that race has been essentially reduced to a minimal debate, glossed over, and otherwise left out of the majority of the multiculturalism literature Mills (1998). His evaluation was logical and nuanced, he argued that: ââ¬Å"Tracing the evolution of the concepts of race and ethnicity race began as a biological and therefore immutable aspect of the human condition, while ethnicity was and is seen as a consequence of culture. Racism and ethnocentrism were differentiated by their essential characterisations: Race is a consequence of biology and therefore racism presumes a biological hierarchy; ethnicity is a consequence of culture and therefore ethnocentrism requires a surrender of cultural distinction and assimilation. â⬠Given the consensus within the scientific community that biological race and thus biological hierarchy do not exist, what pertains in the Caribbean, therefore, in the form of Creole ethnicity and ethnocentrism are seen as relatively more logical and reasoned according to Mills (2007). There is confirmation of this assessment by Lewis (1983). He articulated a position that the Caribbeanââ¬â¢s single greatest contribution to political thought is its open exploration of the question concerning race. This exploration, as Lewis puts it, possibly offers a counter to a Eurocentric fetish with its misplaced presumption of superiority on the subject, a sober Caribbean response. The content of Caribbean thought being characterised as overly concerned with the use of race converges to the concept of Creole recall the alignment sought earlier by Nettleford (1993) and Mills (2007) it is no wonder, therefore, that ethnicity as articulated by Mills (2007) is seen as a more politically palatable category to discuss and philosophically legitimate engaging the polity at all levels. As a people are we therefore satisfied with the aforementioned argument in its attempt to reconcile what is a contentiously debated topic? This essay suggest that the attempt at convergence is likely due to the challenge of the (particularism) of Caribbean Political thought essentially a question of authenticity which can be defined as of undisputed origin, genuine, reliable and trustworthy. It is a question of who constitutes the Caribbean person, in this case the African or Asian or European or is it the Creole or maybe none of the previously mentioned. Since it is suggested by some that the attempt at convergence is unlikely must the debate be reduced to one or the other in an attempt to secure an answer? This essay further suggests a complexity that cannot be determined by way of who has the right to speak on behalf of the Caribbean and a claim of superiority. To attempt this would in the opinion of this essay reduce the debate to that which western political thought is insecure in its biological existence. This is where maturity and understanding is paramount in the construction of a worthwhile paradigm independent of western political dogma. UNDERSTANDING CARIBBEAN POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY The term political philosophy often refers to a view, specific political belief or attitude about politics that does not necessarily belong to the technical discipline of philosophy. In short, political philosophy is the activity, as with all philosophy, whereby the conceptual apparatus behind such concepts as aforementioned are analysed, in their history, intent, evolution and the like according to Jean Hampton (1997). Tim Hector questioned, Where is our philosophy? as if to imply that the aforementioned concepts are yet to be found or worst not understood and overlooked. His ask is reasonable given the time our people have occupied this space with the accompanying accoutrements of independence and must be answered against a background of accepted criteria as to what a political philosophy is Hampton (1997). Right or wrong the confluence, convergence, divergence, lack of application that has become synonymous with these islands gives what they have to say a genuine uniqueness. Since independence, for all the limitations, they have not found the need to go on crusades slaughtering millions in the name of God, use an intellectually convenient ideology to foist on the rest of the world a self serving expansionist ideology under developing Africa and the Caribbean in the name of capitalism, murder its own in two world wars and as this essay concludes present globalisation as the new destabilising force. It is the position of this essay that the writers have been able to establish a prima facie case toward a political philosophy; there is history, intent and evolution however more needs to be done if only to say Caribbean political philosophy is not what western political philosophy is. As long as the peoples resist the urge to lean toward their own understanding Caribbean Political Philosophy has a chance to become a global solution to its Western Political nemesis. CONCLUSION It is clear that an understanding of Caribbean political philosophy is an understanding of the post colonial project and the need for the Caribbean to extricate itself from the political dogma that is Eurocentric in construction and delivery. In summary this characterisation of Caribbean thought places a high value on overturning projects of European hegemony Nettleford (1995). So important is this aspect of the project that an epistemology, ontology perspective was developed to give structure and ground the thinking given the purported monopoly expressed by the European. Henry (2000) highlights the key thematic lines along which Caribbean political thought has thus far been expressed. This, however, has not been without controversy the claim that the Caribbeanââ¬â¢s single greatest contribution to global thought is its exploration of the question of race Lewis (1983) has triggered the characterisation as overly concerned with the utilisation of race as an analytical category. Mills (2007) answers the characterisation with a nuanced alternative articulating that biological race and thus biological hierarchy do not exist, what pertains in the Caribbean in a form of Creole ethnicity and ethnocentrism. If exclusively defined by the Western Political standards the Caribbean would be hard pressed to identify a political philosophy, the debate is thus confined to what is important to the people occupying the space. The fundamental difference is with application of what needs to be done given that the Caribbean is young relative to its European counterpart then there is more to be accomplished. This essay understands the confluence, convergence, divergence, dialectic that has become synonymous to these balkanised geographical dispersed islands. This essay accepts that understanding of a situation comes not with a presumption of right or wrong but openness to arguments, that, if placed on a balance of probabilities could become the reality of the reader. BIBLIOGRAPHY Belle, George. 1996 Against Colonialism: Political Theory and Re-Colonisation in the Caribbean. Paper presented at the Conference on Caribbean Culture: Mona Jamaica UWI. Benn, Dennis. 1987 Ideology and Political Development: the Growth and Development of Political Ideas in the Caribbean 1774-1983. Jamaica: ISER, Mona. Bolland, Nigel. 2004 The Birth of Caribbean civilization: A century of ideas about culture and identity, nation and society Kingston: Ian Randle Fanon, Frantz. 1963 The Wretched of the Earth. New York: Grove Press. Hampton, Jean. 1997. Political Philosophies and Political Ideologies, Montreal: Westview Press. Heywood, Andrew. 2004 Political Ideologies, 3rd Edition: An Introduction, USA: Palgrave McMillan Henry, Paget. 2000. Calibans Reason: Introducing Afro Caribbean Philosophy, London: Routledge, Lewis, Gordon. 1983. Main Currents in Caribbean Thought: The Historical Evolution of Caribbean Society in Its Ideological Aspects, 1492-1900, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Miller, David. 1998. Political philosophy in E. Craig (Ed. ), Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, London: Routledge. Mills, Charles. 1998 Blackness Visible: Essays on Philosophy and Race, Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Mills, Charles. 2007 ââ¬Å"Multiculturalism as/and/or Anti-Racism?â⬠in Multiculturalism and Political Theory Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Nkrumah, Kwameh. 1965 Neo-Colonialism, the Last Stage of Imperialism London: Thomas Nelson Sons, Ltd. Nettleford, Rex. 1993 Inward Stretch, Outward Reach: A voice from the Caribbean Basingstoke: MacMillan. Sabine, George Holland, Thomas Landon Thorson. 1973. A history of political theory. Hinsdale, Ill: Dryden Press. Wellman, David T. 1977 Portraits of White Racism, 2d ed, New York: Cambridge University Press. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02479523641975697641noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-556081201033198218.post-68937997784841896052019-11-15T06:24:00.001-08:002019-11-15T06:24:03.625-08:00Stoma Care ReflectionStoma Care Reflection This is a reflective account of teaching a patient stoma care, using Gibbs Reflective Cycle (1988). By conceptualising the reflective cycle as commencing with a description of an event and ending with the development of an action plan, this model facilitates experiential learning. The model is praised for its focus on learning from experience rather than attempting to change experience (Rolfe et al., 2001). It also increases commitment to learning via the development of an action plan. The following components of Gibbs model will form the structure of this reflective account: description; feelings; evaluation; analysis; conclusion; and action plan. Description The teaching took place on a male surgical ward that specialises in bowel surgery. The patient, Tom, whose real name will remain anonymous in respect of confidentiality (NMC Code, 2008; NHS Confidentiality Code of Practice, DH 2003), was admitted for surgery for colorectal cancer. Tom would be provided with a temporary transverse colostomy post-surgery, which would require the learning of new skills in order for him to manage his own care needs once discharged from hospital. Being patient-centred (Pelzang, 2010), I introduced myself to Tom and asked his permission to go through some information with him, explaining that the aim was to prepare him for managing his colostomy after surgery. The four steps to teaching colostomy care, as offered by Tolch (1997), were then implemented. These four steps comprised devising a teaching plan, assessing and documenting progress, encouraging participation, and anticipating problems. Using sample equipment, I talked Tom through the procedure, step by step, with pauses to confirm his understanding or answer any questions. At first, all necessary equipment was assembled, including a stoma bag, scissors, disposal sack, soap, warm tap water, dry disposable wipes, and stoma sizing template. I discussed the equipment with Tom before showing him how to empty the pouch whilst ensuring no spillage and maintaining hygiene. Pictures were used, where appropriate, to show Tom how the peristomal skin needs to be cleaned with moistened gauze and repeated several times until the skin and stoma are clean. Tom was informed not to be alarmed by small specks of blood on the gauze, explaining that this is normal and can occur each time the stoma is cleaned due to the small blood capillaries on the stomal surface being very delicate. Teaching Tom the basics of how to empty, clean, and change his colostomy was followed by the provision of some information on signs and symptoms of potential problems or complications, such as little or no stools, increased pain, and other signs of infection, etc. It was also necessary to teach Tom how to deal with problems that might arise after hospital discharge, such as a leakage. I also provided a contact list for colostomy supplies, along with details of the Colostomy Association, which provides telephone support and written information for patients. I encouraged Tom to maintain contact with the organisation and to access it as much as he needed. This would facilitate his transition from hospital to home, which can be a stressful time for patients with a newly formed stoma (Fulham, 2008). Finally, a post-surgery teaching plan was devised collaboratively to provide reassurance that Tom would still be receiving help with developing his self-management skills once the colostomy was fitted. Feelings Initially, I was apprehensive about handling such a personal and sensitive topic with a patient, especially since I was aware that adjusting to a stoma can be both physically and psychologically challenging to the patient. I did not want to do or say anything that would in any way hinder this adjustment. I was particularly anxious of ensuring that I demonstrated that a colostomy can be self-managed effectively, whilst at the same time not being seen as dismissing any of Toms own concerns or anxieties. I could sense that Tom was anxious, which reminded me that this was more difficult for him and thus I needed to be calm and confident in order to facilitate the learning process and relieve any of Toms own stresses. I am confident that I managed to achieve this as Tom became much more relaxed as the session progressed, asking more questions and becoming more involved. I am disappointed, however, that my practice was influenced by assumptions. For example, I had not realised the importance of offering the patient the opportunity to have a family member or carer involved in the teaching process (Turnball, 2010). Assuming that the procedure being taught was so personal that the patient would not want anyone else involved in learning how to change their colostomy, I prevented Tom and his family members from having the opportunity to be more involved. Their involvement, if desired, might have been a useful process and, indeed, it would have ensured a level of consistent support on discharge from the hospital. Mezirow (1981) describes this reflection as a perspective transformation on reading the literature after a few teaching sessions with Tom, I realised that my belief system had influenced the way in which I taught Tom. Evaluation The pre-surgery teaching sessions have been successful and Tom has shown continued understanding of the implications of having a colostomy that needs regular changing. Indeed, during the last teaching session Tom took the role of teacher and showed me how to change a colostomy. He is still, understandably, nervous about when the time comes for him to do this on a regular basis, but has been reassured that he wont be expected to be completely independent post-surgery. It is likely that myself or a colleague will initially change the colostomy so that Tom can observe the procedure before gradually becoming more involved. I am aware that during this period I will need to be mindful not to show any signs of distaste when changing the colostomy as patients adjustment can be severely impacted by this (Armstrong, 2001). Indeed, I communicated sensitively at all times and was mindful of enabling Tom to be fully engage in the care process, as recommended by the Department of Health expert patient approach to health management (DH, 2001), as well as the Health Foundations co-creating health initiatives (Collins and Grazin, 2008). This appeared effective in developing a partnership with Tom so that we could work together in developing his skills to manage his colostomy. I found Toms engagement with the whole process very rewarding as it gave me much deeper insight into the needs of men preparing for a colostomy, which helped me to move beyond the basic teaching skills of changing a colostomy to a more tailored approach to teaching that addressed Toms specific needs. He was particularly concerned about the dietary implications of the colostomy and whether this would impact his social activities. My knowledge regarding the dietary aspects of colostomy care is basic and thus I was not prepared to adequately answer all of Toms questions. I did, however, provide him with an information leaflet covering such matters and told him that if he had any further questions I could find someone he could talk to. Significant psychological symptoms, such as depression and anxiety, have been reported in 20% of patients with a stoma (White, 1997). Psychological morbidity is often the result of problems coming to terms with changes in body image and altered patterns of bowel elimination. For psychological adjustment to occur, it was fundamental for me to empathise with Tom whilst also reassuring him that there should be no need to impose any long-term dietary restrictions. Food is often a great source of concern for patients and on researching the literature and talking to colleagues I am now aware of the wealth of information and advice available for patients (Persson et al., 2005). A significant challenge during the teaching process was that Tom was trying to adjust to a cancer diagnosis whilst at the same time trying to adjust to the lifestyle changes introduced by a colostomy. However, providing Tom with the skills to manage his own stoma is likely, according to the evidence, to facilitate psychological adjustment by providing a sense of control that would have previously been lost when first diagnosed (Bekkers et al., 1996). Indeed, studies have shown that increases in a patients feelings of control, which are enhanced when the patient has the appropriate set of skills to manage the situation, can be fundamental in adjusting to having a colostomy (McVey, Madill, and Fielding, 2001). Models of self-management also indicate that increasing a patients self-efficacy (confidence) to self-manage has a number of positive physical and psychological outcomes (Simmons et al., 2007). There are some skills not demonstrated within the described teaching sessions, but which would have been present if I had been teaching Tom post-operatively. For example, it will be important for me to adopt infection control precautions by wearing disposable gloves and apron (Rust, 2007). At the same time, it will be important that I explain the rationale for this to Tom so that he doesnt feel stigmatised. In preparation for this, I have made Tom aware of this pre-surgery. Analysis The teaching style adopted was based on social learning theory, which included assessing Toms readiness and ability to take an active role in learning about managing the stoma. On talking to Tom and seeing that he was keen to learn and become independent in taking care of the stoma, a teaching plan was devised. This was to be followed with the implementation of the teaching plan and then an evaluation of the process and outcome, in line with the structured approach to teaching recommended by OConnor (2005). Furthermore, patient goals were set for post-surgery stoma care in order to help Tom progress towards achieving independence (Rust, 2007). In devising the teaching plan, it was important to consider the type of colostomy Tom would be fitted with. In this case, it was a temporary transverse colostomy that would need emptying several times a day due to the elimination of soft stools. If Tom had a sigmoid colostomy, his stools would be firmer and less frequent, requiring less time and effort in management of the stoma. Kember et al. (1999) have found that students can be categorised as non-reflectors (i.e. lack evidence of deliberate appraisal), reflectors (i.e. demonstrate insight through analysis, discrimination, and evaluation), and critical reflectors (i.e. indicate a transformation from initial perspective). This reflective account has highlighted that I am a reflector and that, indeed, I tend to reflect during as well as after an event. In this case, this has enabled me to identify my professional strengths and weaknesses. Identifying my strengths has increased my self-confidence in providing care and support within this area of healthcare. It has also enabled me to identify where further professional development is needed so that I can continue to hone the skills necessary to provide high quality patient care. I agree with Pierson (1998) that reflection is a technique and a purposeful inter-subjective process, as well as with Heideggerians (1966) notion that reflection is the integration of calculative and contemplative thinking. It is a technique and resource that I shall continue to develop both professionally and personally. Conclusion As many as approximately 15,000 people in the UK undergo stoma surgery in the UK (White, 1998). Adapting to a stoma and its daily management can take time and thus teaching these patients the practical skills necessary for stoma care needs to ideally commence as soon as possible, preferably pre-surgery. Indeed, teaching needs to be conducted in a planned, organised manner, in collaboration with the patient and based on their own readiness and ability to learn about stoma care. Taking this organised approach ensures that no vital aspects of care are omitted and that the patient and healthcare provider are working towards mutually agreed goals. The psychological implications of adjusting to a colostomy must not be underestimated or overshadowed by the need for practical skills in stoma care to be taught. Instead, teaching practical skills can be viewed as another component of psychological care since psychological adjustment can be affected if patients feel that they do not have sufficient knowledge and skills to change their colostomy or deal with any problems that might arise post-discharge (Metcalf, 2001). Action Plan Clause 3 of the UKCC Code of Professional Conduct (1992) states that nurses must maintain and improve her professional knowledge and competence. In relation to my professional knowledge and competence in teaching patients colostomy care, it is essential that I take steps towards continued professional development in terms of enhancing my knowledge surrounding the dietary needs of people with a colostomy. I have begun to meet this action plan by accessing nutritional advice from the Colostomy Association, but will endeavour to examine evidence-based practice in the provision of dietary advice for patients with a new stoma. I would also like to learn some specific skills for increasing self-efficacy that I can integrate into my teaching approach. I have acquired greater insight into the importance of patient confidence in self-management. There is a wealth of evidence available for the importance of promoting self-efficacy and I intend to start increasing my knowledge in this area by reading a comprehensive systematic review on self-management programmes for cancer survivors (Davies and Batehup, 2010). In addition, intend to rectify my assumptive actions surrounding the involvement of Toms family in the education process. During our next teaching session, I will ask Tom about his feelings regarding having anyone else involved in the teaching, with any expressed wishes being checked with relevant friends and family. In conclusion, using this reflective model has helped me to realise that my learning is a proactive process accompanied by continual reflection that provides insight into areas for further professional development. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02479523641975697641noreply@blogger.com0