Dred Scott v. Sanford,The Lecompton Constitution, Freeport Doctrine Essay

Dred Scott v. Sanford,The Lecompton Constitution, Freeport Doctrine and Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 - Essay Example Upon returning to Missouri, a slave state, he sued for his freedom and the court ruled 7-2 that he did not have citizen status and therefore could not sue. The trial was a legal battle between antislavery forces that argued that once a slave had traveled to a free territory the slave was free. According to Huston (2003), the opposition argued, " being a slave, had no right to petition the court like a citizen— slaves, obviously, were not citizens and had no citizenship rights " (p.217). The trial was seen as an effort by the South to extend their control of slavery into the North. The original case was decided by a technicality but later ordered retried. After a series of trials, the US Supreme Court found that Dred Scott was not entitled to citizenship. This case, more than any other, precipitated the movement toward civil war. It was a test to see how far the South could extend the boundaries of slavery. This would be the beginning of the ever-widening gap between the North and the South. Some abolitionists saw the movement toward war as a positive move towards resolving the issue. Frederick Douglass, though disappointed by the decision, also expressed his hopes that the South would finally be confronted. With the war in sight, it was hoped that victory would eventually bring justice. The Lecompton Constitution The Lecompton Constitution was the Kansas State Constitution presented to Congress to initiate their admission to the Union. One of the issues that surrounded the constitution was whether Kansas would be a free state or a slave state. Proslavery advocates controlled the Lecompton Constitutional Convention of Sept. 1857, while opponents of slavery were given little choice as to the content of the document. The fight over the pro-slavery Lecompton Constitution would result in tensions that would hasten the nation's move towards the Civil War Though most of the Kansas voters were in favor of an antislavery constitution, the majority at the convention were proslavery and would not allow the issue to be put to a fair vote. The antislavery constitution merely outlawed the importation of new slaves, but did not outlaw the existing slavery. When the document was put to a vote, the anti-slavery forces boycotted the proceedings. However, the anti-slavery legislature voted two weeks later and the constitution was voted down. The controversy was presented to Congress who could grant statehood in accordance with the Lecompton Constitution or vote it down. President James Buchanan supported the constitution as written. The House and the Congress compromised in an effort to minimize the crises. However, the damage had already been done. Stampp (1992) contends that, "As a result, 1857 was probably the year when the North and South reached the political point of no return" (p. viii). The split between Republicans and Democrats had reached beyond the their ability to compromise. Freeport Doctrine The Freeport Doctrine was put forward by Stephen Douglas during the Douglas-Lincoln debates of 1858 in Freeport Illinois. The Doctrine specified that local law authorities could enforce federal law as they saw fit. This was an attempt to bridge the gap between slavery and antislavery forces. It was contrary to the earlier Dred Scot decision, which stated slavery could not legally be excluded from the territories. The doctrine, though not new, gained attention during the public debate. Lincoln had fared poorly in the previous debates and took the offensive in Freeport. He asked if a territory "in any lawful way . . . exclude slavery from its limits prior to the formation of a State Constitution" (Carwardine, 2006, p.80). Douglas responded, "Mr. Lincoln has heard me answer a hundred times from every stump in Illinois, that in my opinion the people of a Territory can,

Adversarial System vs. Civil Law Essay Example for Free

Adversarial System vs. Civil Law Essay The European civil law system is all about finding the truth, even if a lawyer has to lose the case for their client while doing so. The American adversarial system is about winning, even if it means avoiding and stretching the truth to do so. Civil law has the laws made by the government and the courts apply them, while common law has the judges making the majority of the laws through precedents. The adversarial system uses specific laws, precedents, and legal rules to determine who wins. It allows lawyers to take the truth and spin it into the picture that is the most beneficial to their client. They can use loopholes in the law to keep evidence from being allowed to cause their guilty clients to be punished for what they have done. Once all the talking is done, it is up to twelve people to decide whose lawyer did a better job of convincing them to believe them. See more: Beowulf essay essay The civil system uses general ideas and broad concepts to form the framework for taking the evidence at hand and attempting to determine what the truth is. When the truth is revealed, lawyers do not try to hide it or escape from it, even if they do not like the results. A major disadvantage of this system is that those twelve people from the common law system are only used in major criminal cases, so when the truth is unclear, only a couple people get to determine who is right, and three people can be wrong easier than twelve people in 100% agreement. In my opinion from what I have learned, I believe that the civil law system has an advantage in finding the ideal of the judicial system justice. In the adversarial system, the truth can be avoided, and once it is, there can be no justice. As to the question of whether there are constitutional problems with applying civil laws in the US, the most obvious one is that a jury trial is guaranteed by the Bill of Rights to protect a defendant from being condemned by the voice of one person.

Christian & Pagan Influences :: Essays Papers

Christian & Pagan Influences There are Christian influences in the episode of "Grendel's Mother's attack." Primarily, the Christian influence is seen Norton text(43): Grendel's mother, woman, monster-wife, was mindful of her misery, she who had to dwell in the terrible water, the cold currents, after Cain became sword-slayer of his only brother, his father's own son. Then Cain went as an outlaw to flee the cheerful life of men, marked for his murder, held to the wasteland. From him sprang many a devil sent by fate. Grendel was one of them, hateful outcast who at Herot found a waking man waiting his warfare. There a monster had laid hold upon him...Then he went off wretched, bereft of joy, to seek his dying place, enemy of mankind. And his mother, still greedy and gallows-grin, would go on a sorrowful venture, avenge her son's death". Grendel is the spawn of the greatest sin in the Anglo-Saxon era -- fratricide. Fratricide is the slaying of one's own brother. Cain was cursed by God, forced to have hardship in tilling the soil and was given a mark on his head. God's wrath would not allow Cain to abandon his sin, by death, and his curse carried on throughout the life of mankind. To read the complete story of Cain and his brother Abel, click here The sin of fratricide did not only mean blood-related family, but applied to the murder of kinsmen. This portion of the Norton text deals with Beowulf and his root to God's grace: ...but he was mindful of the great strength, the large gift God had given him and relied on the Almighty for favor, comfort and help. By that he overcame the foe, subdued the hell-spirit. This quotation provides a sense of Christian values and shows the hero's dependency on God. According to the poet, Beowulf realizes that his strength comes from the Almighty rather than from his own merit. Beowulf is shown as a brave warrior.

Character Analysis of Sylvia from “A White Heron” Essay

â€Å"There never was such a child for straying about out-of-doors since the world was made† (Jewett 69). A young girl, Sylvia, lived in a city environment for the first eight years of her life. Then, Sylvia came to live with her grandmother in the country, where the little girl came alive and became one with nature. One day in her travels through the countryside with her cow she encounter a lost ornithologist who was in search of a white heron that he had spotted in the area weeks before. At first, the little girl was frightened of this man who carried and gun and killed the creatures that he cared so deeply about. She could not understand why this man would do such a thing. However, as they spent time together, Sylvia found this man most charming and delightful. In the short story, â€Å"A White Heron,† by Sarah Orne Jewett, a young country girl’s innocence is lost when her heart is torn between her love for a young bird collector and her love for nature. Sylvia is isolated while living at the farmhouse; her only companion is a cow. Sylvia may be lonely, but she is not lonesome. She is much happier and lively here than in the crowded industrial town. At the farm, she spends all day outside and lives in unity with the environment that surrounds her. â€Å"They key to her vivacity is that she is utterly in harmony with nature† (Held 171). When the ornithologist aggressively whistles in her territory her equilibrium is upset. The man explains to the horror-stricken girl that he got lost while in pursuit of the white heron. â€Å"Thus when Jewett first introduces the ornithologist himself, she labels him â€Å"the enemy† (171). There seems to be something threatening in his very â€Å"boyness† that makes Sylvia fearful. Her awe of the ornithologist may in part be caused by his being the first grow-up boy she has seen in her woodland isolation† (171). The hunter attempts to induce Sylvia to lead him to the wanted bird by offering her a reward of ten dollars. â€Å"Despite his attractive qualities, there is something insidious about his attempt to bribe the girl in effect to betray her world. He suggests a sort of blithe Satan tempting a naà ¯ve Eve to eat of the fruit Tree of Knowledge† (171). When she thinks about how poor she is, her mind wanders off after the â€Å"treasures† that his money could buy. This introduction of money into Sylvia’s simplicity disrupted her sense of loyalty to nature. However, as they spent time together, Sylvia found this man most appealing. Her virgin heart that lied dormant, vigorously awakened, as the innocent child was overwhelmed with an emotion of love towards this mysterious man. â€Å"Sylvia still watched the young man with loving admiration. She had never seen anybody so charming and delightful; the woman’s heart, asleep in the child, was vaguely thrilled by a dream of love.† This does not surprise me though, it is common for young girls to have a crush on or become attracted to a charming older man who impresses them. Sylvia knew where the sportsman could find this precious bird he was in search of. Sylvia and the man are true to the gender roles society has bestowed upon them while traveling through the dense woodlands. The female instinct inside her would not allow her to lead the guest to the heron’s nest, nor be the first to start up a conversation with the guest. Instead, she kept silent observing all around her, watching his every move, and concentrating on every word spoken from his lips. â€Å"She grieved because the longed-for white heron was elusive, but she did not lead the guest, she only followed, and there was no such thing as speaking first.† â€Å"Her socialization, ironically, saves her from revealing the bird and therefore betraying her world to this intruder†(172). The day outing with the bird collector brings Sylvia closer to him, and distances her from the natural world. She could get no sleep that night, and ventured out into the forest. She climbed, and climbed the huge oak tree in search of the heron’s nest. â€Å"Once she is aloft in the pine tree, â€Å"the sharp dry twigs caught and held her and scratched her like angry talons, the pitch made her little fingers clumsy and stiff,† as though nature itself sought to keep her from succeeding in her project and thereby breaching their heart-to-heart relationship† (173). Then came the light as she neared the treetop, and a sea of sky appeared to her over the entire countryside. Only then was the heron’s exact location of the heron’s nest showed to her. She had discovered the bird’s hiding place among the green marsh. When she sees the beautiful bird, she comes back to reality and realizes the superficiality of the man. She recognizes that the  man has come between her and nature. â€Å"In this instant Sylvia balances the desire to earn the ten dollars and to please the attractive stranger against her unspoken fidelity to nature† (173). She knew that the man was well worth making happy, and after all he promised them a nice some of money, so she would also be happy. No, Sylvia could not do it. She would not give the birds life away. The girl and bird had united that morning in the golden sea, and this forbid her to speak. Her heart had developed into that of a strong feminist who could not be swayed by the charm of a man. She gave her love and devotion to the natural world that would always be there for her. In the story, â€Å"A White Heron† the heron, Sylvia, is tempted by â€Å"evil† represented by the sportsman to betray her natural self. The story emphasizes the eternal struggle between the forces of good and evil, and the continual seduction of good by evil. The story concludes that all â€Å"woodland and summertime secrets are like the heron’s safe. For in the end the heron’s life has become the equivalent of the girl’s life, at least of her existence heart to heart with nature† (174). The story implies that in a sense Sylvia is the heron, untouched and at peace with the surrounding environment. However due to external forces, the hunter in this case, the virgin Sylvia endures a loss of innocence. If Sylvia surrendered the heron it would be the equivalence of giving up a part of her and what she stands for. The heron and Sylvia depend on each other for survival. It was impossible for her to abandon her integrity and allegiance to nature or else she would no longer be Sylvia. Sylvia was able to resist the appeal of man, money, and attention. Sylvia displayed her growth as a woman by staying committed to her strong sense of values, and strengthening her heart to heart relationship with nature. Works Cited Bogard, C.R., and J.Z. Schmidt. 1995. Legacies. Harcourt College Publishers, New York, 1380. Held, George. Short Story Criticism. Volume VI. Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1990.

The Evolution of the Mba

Reading List for Technology and Innovation Strategy: 463 – Management and Strategy, Kellogg School of Management Professor Shane Greenstein Students will be held accountable for all required readings. These must be read ahead of class discussion. Related readings are relevant background. These are included for the interested student. I highly recommend them for a fuller perspective on the topic. Topic 1: Basic Frameworks and Toolkits Topic 1a. Adoption and Evolution Required reading: Geoffrey Moore. Chapters 1 and 2, High Tech Marketing Illusion, High Tech marketing Enlightenment, Crossing the Chasm, Harper Business, 2006. Not in reading packet. Please purchase book. ) Rosenberg, Nathan, â€Å"Innovation’s Uncertain Terrain. † McKinsey Quarterly, pp. 170-185, Issue 3, 1995. In class video: Interview with Dan Bricklin, founder of Visicalc, from Triumph of the Nerds, An Irreverent History of the PC Industry, By Bob Cringely. Ambrose Video, RM Associates. 1996 Relat ed reading: Geoffrey Moore, To Succeed in the Long Term, Focus on the Middle Term, Harvard Business Review, July 2007. Wolter Lemstra, Vic Hayes and John Groenewegen, â€Å"Crossing the Chasm: the Apple AirPort. † Chapter 4 of The Innovation Journey of Wi-Fi: The Road o Global Success, Cambridge Press. Greenstein, â€Å"Virulent Word of Mouse. † And â€Å"An Earful about Zvi’s Email. † http://www. kellogg. northwestern. edu/faculty/greenstein/images/columns-older. html â€Å"Early Adopter, Enthusiast or Pioneer? A User’s guide to Technology Lingo. † http://virulentwordofmouse. wordpress. com/ 1b: Capturing value in value chains: the basics. Greg Linden, Kenneth L. Kraemer, and Jason Dedrick, â€Å"Who Captures Value from innovation in global value chains? A Study of the iPod and Notebook PC. Industrial and Corporate Change, June, 2009. Greg Linden, Kenneth L.Kraemer, and Jason Dedrick, The Distribution of Value in the Mobile Phone Supply Ch ain Related reading Francesco Zirpoli and Markus C. Becker, â€Å"What Happens When you Outsource too Much? † SMR 374, Winter 2011. Topic 1c: Attackers’ advantage during diffusion Required reading: â€Å"The Crisis at Encyclopeadia Britannica,† Kellogg Teaching Case, Revised version, August, 2009. Joseph Bower and Clayton Christensen, â€Å"Disruptive Technologies: Catching the Wave† in (Ed) John Seely Brown, Seeing Differently: Insights on Innovation, Harvard Business Review Book, 1997See class page on Blackboard, under the Assignment folder. Related reading: John Hagel III, John Seeley Brown, Lang Davison, â€Å"Shaping Strategy in a World of Constant Disruption,† Harvard Business Review, October 2008. Greenstein, â€Å"Creative Destruction and Deconstruction. † http://virulentwordofmouse. wordpress. com/, October, 2004. Topic 1d: Installed Base and Standards Required Reading: Carl Shapiro and Hal Varian, Information Rules, Chapters 5, 6, 7 & 8. Recognizing Lock-in, Managing Lock-in, Networks and Positive Feedback, Cooperation and Compatibility, Harvard Business School Press, 1998. Not in case packet. Please purchase book. ) In class video: Interview with the founders of McAfee Associates, from Nerds 2. 0. 1, A Brief History of the Internet, Bob Cringely, PBS Home Video, 1998. Related Reading: â€Å"Bleeding Edge Mass Market Standards,† and â€Å"Bird Watching for Nerds: Splintering the Internet,† and â€Å"The Grocery Scanner and Bar Code Economy,† http://virulentwordofmouse. wordpress. com/ Topic 1e: Attackers Advantage versus Installed Base: Microsoft and Netscape Required Reading: Browser Wars, 1994-98, HBS Case 9-798-094 In class video:Interview with Andreeson, Clark, Gates, Ballmer, Metcalfe, from Nerds 2. 0. 1, A Brief History of the Internet, Bob Cringely, PBS Home Video, 1998. Related Reading: Timothy Bresnahan and Pai-Ling Yin, â€Å"Standard Setting in Markets: The Browser Wars,† in Greenstein and Stango, Standards and Public Policy, Cambridge University Press, pp. 18-59. See class page on Blackboard, under the Assignment folder. Greenstein, â€Å"The Long Arc Behind Bill Gates’ Wealth, Part I and Part II,† http://virulentwordofmouse. wordpress. com/ Topic 2: Systems and Platforms Topic 2a. Classic frameworks and new approachesRequired reading: Andrei Hagiu, Note on Multi-sided Platforms: Economic Foundations and Strategy, HBS Case, 9-709-484 Related reading: Michael Cusumano and Annabelle Gawer, Elements of Platform Leadership, Sloan Management Review. Spring 2002, (43) 3, pp 51- 58. â€Å"Gateway Economics,† and â€Å"The Lexicon of Network Economics,† and â€Å"Managing Complements,† http://virulentwordofmouse. wordpress. com/ Topic 2b: Developing a multi-sided platform at Google Required reading: Google Inc, HBS Case 9-910-036 In class video: Hal Varian, Introduction to the Google Ad Auction, Made for YouTube. Related Reading:Andrei Hagiu and David Yoffie, â€Å"What’s your Google Strategy? † Harvard Business Review. R0904. Greenstein, â€Å"A Big Payoff,† â€Å"The Next Chapter at Google,† and â€Å"Did one invention lead to the decline of newspapers? † http://virulentwordofmouse. wordpress. com/ Topic 2c: Entrepreneurial product development for a platform Required reading: â€Å"Developing an App for That,† HBS Case 9-711-415, August 2, 2011. Related reading: Bhide, Amar (1996). â€Å"The Questions Every Entrepreneur Must Answer,† Harvard Business Review, HBS Reprint 96603-PDF-ENG â€Å"Google’s Android: Will it shake up the Wireless Industry in 2009 and Beyond? Case SM-176. â€Å"Gaming Structure,† http://virulentwordofmouse. wordpress. com/ Topic 3: Commercialization Topic 3a: Commercialization Strategy Required reading: Joshua Gans and Scott Stern, â€Å"The Product Market and the Market for Ideas: Commercialization Strategies for Technology Entrepreneurs. † Research Policy, In class video: Interview with Rod Cannon, in Triumph of the Nerds by Bob Cringely. 1996 Related reading: Seabrook, J. , â€Å"The Flash of Genius,† The New Yorker. Greenstein, â€Å"Imitation Happens,† http://virulentwordofmouse. wordpress. com/ Topic 3b: Merger for knowledge transfer: Cisco SystemsRequired reading: â€Å"Cisco: Early if Not Elegant (A) and (B), Darden Case, UV 1632. Recommended reading: Bunnell and Brate, Making the Cisco Connection, Chapter 6, The Benevolent Predator. Geoffrey A. Moore, 2008, Dealing with Darwin, How Great Companies Innovate at Every Phase of Their Evolution, Penguin Group, pp 100-109, 159-167, and 181 -191 Ironport, Stanford GSB Case, E-334. Topic 3c: Commercialization experiments: Markets for intellectual property Required Reading: â€Å"Intellectual Ventures,† Case 9-710-423, Related reading: Nathan Myhrvold, Funding Eureka! HBR article, March, 2010. â€Å"When Pate nts Attack. † Originally aired on WBEZ/This American Life on 7. 22. 2011. http://www. thisamericanlife. org/radio-archives/episode/441/when-patents-attack Davis, Lee (2008). â€Å"Licensing Strategies of the New Intellectual Property Vendors,† California Management Review Greenstein, â€Å"Smart Phone patents and Platform Wars,† http://virulentwordofmouse. wordpress. com/ Topic 3d. Commercialization Experiments: Online without intellectual property. Required reading: RadioHead: Music at your own price (A) and (B), Case 9-508-110, 9-508-111Related reading: â€Å"Pandora Radio: Fire Unprofitable customers? † HBS case 5-610-078, April 2011. â€Å"Digitization and Value creation,† http://virulentwordofmouse. wordpress. com/ Topic 4: Firm boundary and scope Topic 4a: Extending functionality: Intel Required reading: â€Å"Intel Centrino in 2007: A new Platform Strategy for Growth. † SM-156. Related reading: Shane Greenstein â€Å"Economic Experime nts and the Development of Wi-Fi. † Edited by Steven Kahl, Michael Cusumano, and Brian Silverman. Advances in Strategic Managements, V 29. Chapter 1, pp. 3-33. Emerald Group Publishing; Bingley, UK.Greenstein, February 2007, â€Å"The High Costs of a Cheap Lesson,† http://virulentwordofmouse. wordpress. com/ 4b: Climbing the value chain Required reading Flextronics International, LTD, 9-604-063, April, 2010. HTC Corp. in 2012, HBS case 9-712-423, September, 2012. Related reading Greenstein, â€Å"Outsourcing and Two Views for Climbing the Value Chain,† http://virulentwordofmouse. wordpress. com/ Topic 4c: User-contributed content Required Reading: â€Å"Wikipedia in the Spotlight,† Kellogg Teaching Case. August, 2009. Recommended Reading: â€Å"Wagging Wikipedia’s Long Tail. â€Å"Another Venerable Establishment Surrenders to Wikipedia,† and â€Å"The Range of Linus’ Law. † http://virulentwordofmouse. wordpress. com/ Topic 4d: Entrepreneurship and user participation Required reading: â€Å"Triumph of the Commons: Wikia and the Commercialization of Open Source Communities in 2009. † Kellogg Teaching case, October, 2009. Yelp, Case 9-709-412 MentorMob and the Reinvention of Learning, August, 2011. Related Reading: Eric Raymond, The Cathedral and the Bazaar, First Monday. www. firstmonday. dk See class page on Blackboard, under the Assignment folder. Foursquare, HBS Case 9-711-418

Free Essays on Legal Issue Of Contract Law And Evidence In Ecommerce

, in the case of an e-mail, when your message leaves your server and goes out into the "ether" is when the message was dispatched. As another example, for a form filled out and sent fr... Free Essays on Legal Issue Of Contract Law And Evidence In Ecommerce Free Essays on Legal Issue Of Contract Law And Evidence In Ecommerce The IT revolution in the past few years has taken the whole world by storm, at the forefront of which is the Internet an its various applications. It has become a major player in the business world today and the revenue generated through commercial websites sums up to almost 87 billion dollars per anum on an average. The rise in Ecommerce has given rise to crimes on the internet as well, ranging from piracy, theft, fraud and misrepresentation. This steep rise in electronic crimes has provoked lawmakers to create laws in order to protect the consumers and companies on the internet so that Ecommerce may prosper and grow. This paper discusses the legal issue of â€Å"Contract Law and Evidence† in Ecommerce. General principles The general principles include that the parties must intend to form a contract, must show that intention in a way that would normally be understood as forming a contract by the parties and by anyone observing the parties, and there must be agreement on the essential terms of the contract Contract Formation in general 1. A contract for sale of goods may be made in any manner sufficient to show agreement, including conduct by both parties which recognizes the existence of a contract. 2. An agreement sufficient to constitute a contract for sale may be found even though the moment of its making is undetermined. 3. Even though one or more terms are left open, a contract for sale does not fail for indefiniteness if the parties intended to make a contract and there is a reasonably certain basis for giving an appropriate remedy. When is communication dispatched ? Under both instruments, a communication is dispatched when it departs the information system designated for electronic communication. In other words, in the case of an e-mail, when your message leaves your server and goes out into the "ether" is when the message was dispatched. As another example, for a form filled out and sent fr...

Food Additives essays

Food Additives essays Food additives have been used for thousands of years. In prehistoric times, salt was probably used to preserve meat and fish. Our ancestors also found that large amounts of sugar helped preserve fruit and that cucumbers could be preserved in a vinegar solution. The ancient Egyptians used sulfites to stop bacterial growth and fermentation in wine. They also used extracts from beetles for food coloring. Vegetable dyes from juniper fruits or beech-root juice were popular colorings in the Middle Ages, although wary kings began to employ garglers to test their meals-perhaps for additives that did not originate in the kitchen (Editors of Prevention Magazine 1993). Today, salt, sugar, and corn syrup are by far the most widely used additives. The role of food additives has become more prominent in recent years, due in part to the increased production of prepared, processed, and convenience foods. At the same time, consumers, scientists, and others have raised questions about the nec essity and safety of these substances. Although limited amounts of food additives are necessary to guarantee adequate food supplies for a growing population, their use is strictly controlled by laws that assure consumers that foods are safe to eat and accurately labeled (FDA/IFIC 1998). Many people tend to think of any additive added to foods as a complex chemical compound but that ideology is quite wrong. A food additive is a substance or mixture of substances, other than basic foodstuffs, present in food as a result of any aspect of production, processing, storage, or packaging (Winter 1984). Salt, baking soda, vanilla, and yeast are all food additives and are commonly used in processed foods today. By law, the label must identify the food product in a language the consumer can understand. It must indicate the manufacturer, the packer, or distributor, and declare the quantity of contents either in net weight or volume, and the ingredien...

Using Facebook for Entry-Level and Advanced Writing Jobs

Using Facebook for Entry-Level and Advanced Writing Jobs Want entry-level writing jobs almost sure to accept you? Trawl Facebook. It was Facebook that handed me my first portfolio samples, including a gig on tasers and guns. The proprietor of that store taught me how to defend myself ( More recently and unknown to most Facebook also shoved off its very first Jobs for Facebook whose ads target more experienced writers. So, if you’re looking for a gig at either end of the spectrum, Facebook’s the place for you! Facebook for entry-level freelancers   Visit Facebook to locate the following: entry-level writing jobs, evergreen writing gigs, and writing jobs that average three to seven cents per word. To date, Facebook has more than 2.27 billion monthly active users, and, occasionally, one of these users mentions their need for a writer. You can be first on their rosters with the following steps: 1. Type your search words into Facebook’s search tab. My favorite words include hiring writers, â€Å"looking for writers, writer† + (your niche), â€Å"seeking writers†. Also try â€Å"looking for content/ marketing writers/ bloggers† and synonyms like â€Å"contract† and â€Å"remote†. I avoid the popular â€Å"writers wanted† and â€Å"writers needed†, since these tend to spit up spam or bulk ads from sites like Upwork. 2. Next, see â€Å"Posts† in the upper margin? Run down and select the following: Posts From (Anyone) Post Type† (All Posts) â€Å"Posted in Group† (Any Group) â€Å"Tagged Locations (Anywhere). Date Posted Toggle the arrow option at â€Å"Choose a Date.† In contrast to regular listed jobs that get snatched fast, job mentions on Facebook tend to linger, so I backtrack my search 3. As an alternative, I try Date Posted (Any Date) with search words that include the word â€Å"always.† Example: always looking for writers (content producers) (bloggers) etc. This prods a stream of great evergreen jobs. Middle to advanced freelance writers. Summer 2017, Facebook launched a new option for personnel recruiters, called Jobs on Facebook.   Here’s where you find job openings from entities like marketing and PR agencies, publishing outlets and B2B or B2C companies. Just as LinkedIn has its job postings, these are those of Facebook. Apparently, Facebook refused to design this site with freelancers in mind, but I’ve found a way around it. 1. Go to Jobs on Facebook, and type in synonyms for writer in the Jobs on Facebook search tab. (Note: don’t use the search tab on the top of page; it redirects you to your FB homepage). I tend to use terms like â€Å"writer,† freelance writer, content strategist, marketing strategist, and SEO content writer. Forget synonyms like â€Å"looking for,† â€Å"hiring,† and the like. 2. Fill in â€Å"Location† in the box underneath the search function. Here’s where it gets tricky if you want to trawl the globe, or, at least, America. My solution? Track where your clients tend to come from and experiment. Most of my U.S. clients come from New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Chicago, so I type in the names of each of those regions and browse respective results. Jobs on Facebook, also, has major UK cities and several Canadian provinces but expect little more for countries outside North America. 3. As your last step, select the Contract button under â€Å"Job Type.† This is   my substitute for â€Å"freelancer.† After becoming more familiar with Jobs on Facebook, you’ll notice most positions want in-site writers or are managerial and executive. Some of the search results, too, are wacky. Evidently, the platform’s still got a way to go. Still, here and there, you find some gems, like this delectable one I found today. (Just look at that pay!) Your turn!

Membrane filtration (expriment) Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Membrane filtration (expriment) - Lab Report Example As potable water is procured from surface sources such as rivers, streams and lakes, bacteriological examination is crucial to determine the safety of drinking water. Presence of Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogens and Proteus mirabilis in water sample was estimated using membrane filtration followed by incubation of the membrane filter in appropriate growth media to examine the determine the presence of pathogenic micro-organism. The motive to perform this study was to determine the presence of unknown organism(s) present in the provided samples. The study encompasses classification of bacteria based on their bio-chemical reactions, pH levels and osmoregulation. Identification and classification of bacteria from the sample is pragmatic as presence of any pathogenic micro-organism could be deleterious to health. Identification of bacteria provides line of treatment. The three preliminary steps for the analysis procedure comprise principal isolation, stainin g and biochemical reactions as the samples may contain diverse microorganism belonging to different species. Hypothesis to be tested: (1) Fecal coliform count of surface water samples differ according to their location. (2) Fecal coliform count of surface water samples do not differ according to their location. Introduction Microbes are indispensible module of our environment. They are associated in a variety of ways with everything we use in our everyday lives (Fratamico, 2005). They are found to be associated with the food that we eat, the clothes we wear/make use of and water we drink/utilize. They may perhaps influence the quality of our lives and transmit numerous diseases (Fratamico, 2005). It is therefore essential to understand the microbes linked with the commodities used in everyday life. Water free from disease-producing microorganisms and chemical substances deleterious to health is called potable water. Water contaminated with either domestic or industrial wastes is cal led non-potable or polluted water. The objectives of primary concern in providing potable water are freedom from harmful microorganisms and from undesirable chemicals. Water appearing clean or free from peculiarities of odor and taste could be contaminated. In such conditions special procedures are required to determine its sanitary quality. Inspection of water sample involves the inspection of the source of raw water and the conditions that may influence its quality. Changes related to population, types of industry and the method of sewage disposal are imperative. Practically, periodic and comprehensive sanitary surveys are necessary. However, potability can be determined only by chemical and bacteriological laboratory tests (Pelczar, 1993). Pathogens that gain entry into the water body include protozoan such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium, bacteria such as Campylobacter, Salmonella and Shigella and virus associated with water contamination are Hepatitis A virus and Norwalk virus. However, water is tested for the fecal contamination. As coliforms are discharged through feces the water sample containing fecal matter comprises pathogenic organisms as well. Essentially water sources such as wells, reservoirs, and storage tanks are routinely tested for water safety (Case Study Exercise 29: Measure of Water Quality: Membrane Filtration Method). Lifestyle modifications and

How Roche Diagnostics Develops Global Managers Research Paper

How Roche Diagnostics Develops Global Managers - Research Paper Example Roche develops global managers through global rotation program called Perspectives program. Employees with MBAs or PhD degree can participate in this international career program that consists of four assignments each lasting six months. Each assignment is taken in a different country, or laboratory and 95 percent of all participants have completed the program successfully. How Roche diagnostics develops global managers Who is responsible for developing global leaders The organization has the responsibility of developing global leaders. The management and the human resource department should initiate strategies and career development programs in order to develop global leaders (Smilansky, 2006). The global marketplace requires employees with multiple skills like communication capability and ability to understand the global business culture. Global organizations operate in multiple locations and usually provide goods and services that are suitable for the particular national market an d which consider the culture of the country (Smilansky, 2006). The parent country and host country should cooperate by allowing work permit for global managers in order to create a pool of talented global leaders. Global organizations require marketing strategies that consider flexibility due to the differences in market needs and culture of the people. Additionally, business schools have a role to play in highlighting the global economy and cultures of different locations in the world. Advanced business degrees should focus on real business experiences of multiple international business locations (Smilansky, 2006). Ramifications of not having global leaders In my profession field, there are various ramifications of not having global leaders in the marketing field. Global leaders influence the marketing and global brand management strategies selected by the organization due to cultural issues in different locations. There will be limited opportunities for professional growth and car eer advancement and organizations will experience high labor turnover and inability to attract and retain multi-skilled employees (Smilansky, 2006). Without global leaders, the language selected in advertisements and promotional materials will not fit the culture of the location since some countries like Japanese prefer a high-context language and direct messages, unlike low-context cultures (Smilansky, 2006). Without global leaders, an organization will not understand the values and attitudes of consumers in a particular location. The organization will also fail in new product design and packaging since aesthetics such as taste, smell and size influence the attitudes of the consumers towards a product depending on their culture (McCall & Hollenbeck, 2002). Such organizations will lose market share and ultimately decline the productivity of the product in particular locations. Without the global leaders, the organization will not understand the unique needs and preferences of consum ers and the needs of the workforce thus leading to decline in market share (McCall & Hollenbeck, 2002). US public policy changes that can encourage companies to develop global leaders Roche’s Perspectives program invests many resources in the development of global leaders, but there are public policy changes which can be made in the U.S to encourage compani

Principl Fetures of Budgeting as a Plnning and Control System Term Paper

Principl Fetures of Budgeting as a Plnning and Control System - Term Paper Example    OperÐ °tionÐ °l control - the process of ensuring thÐ °t specific tÐ °sks Ð °re cÐ °rried out efficiently Ð °nd effectively. It is Ð ° very short term Ð °ctivity for junior mÐ °nÐ °gemen Ð °nd Ð °ddresses their tÐ °rgets for dÐ °y to dÐ °y Ð °ctivity both finÐ °nciÐ °l Ð °nd nonfinÐ °nciÐ °l. There Ð °re substÐ °ntiÐ °l differences between strÐ °tegic plÐ °ns Ð °nd long-term budgets--both in how they Ð °re creÐ °ted Ð °nd in the end products. Very few orgÐ °nizÐ °tions reÐ °lly need Ð ° multiyeÐ °r budget. In fÐ °ct, for mÐ °ny orgÐ °nizÐ °tions, including community bÐ °nks, they cÐ °n sometimes do more hÐ °rm thÐ °n good. How they differ. The function of the budget is to mÐ °intÐ °in, protect, Ð °nd Ð °llocÐ °te the orgÐ °nizÐ °tion's resources. The strÐ °tegic plÐ °n prepÐ °res the bÐ °nk to mÐ °ke future decisions, enÐ °bling it to tÐ °ke Ð °dvÐ °ntÐ °ge of opportunities Ð °s they Ð °rise Ð °nd to Ð °void or lessen t he effects of Ð °dverse developments. The most importÐ °nt difference between the two is in the wÐ °y they influence the bÐ °nk's decision-mÐ °king processes. Community bÐ °nks hÐ °ve two choices: they cÐ °n reÐ °ct to chÐ °nges in the mÐ °rketplÐ °ce Ð °fter they occur, or they cÐ °n Ð °ct now to shÐ °pe the environment they will fÐ °ce in the future. In budgeting, such criticÐ °l issues Ð °re predetermined, either Ð °s finÐ °lized decisions or Ð °s Ð °ssumptions. CentrÐ °l to budgeting is the tÐ °sk of forecÐ °sting levels of loÐ °ns, deposits, Ð °nd revenue. But forecÐ °sting is relÐ °tively unimportÐ °nt in strÐ °tegic plÐ °nning. SimilÐ °rly, the relÐ °tionship between costs Ð °nd revenue generÐ °tion must be Ð °ssumed in budgeting. In strÐ °tegic plÐ °nning, such relÐ °tionships Ð °re Ð °t best Ð ° secondÐ °ry considerÐ °tion.   True strÐ °tegic plÐ °nning encompÐ °sses no such Ð °ttempt to predetermine decisions. InsteÐ °d, it provides Ð ° guide or frÐ °mework within which future decision mÐ °king will tÐ °ke plÐ °ce. It emphÐ °sizes longer rÐ °nge objectives, not so much in terms of specific finÐ °nciÐ °l performÐ °nce, but in terms of where Ð °nd how the firm will position itself with respect to customers, regulÐ °tors, employees, product types, technology, Ð °nd the community. For exÐ °mple, Ð ° bÐ °nk locÐ °ted in Ð °n Ð °reÐ ° where the demogrÐ °phics Ð °re chÐ °nging substÐ °ntiÐ °lly mÐ °y need to reposition itself by developing new products Ð °nd services Ð °nd corresponding outreÐ °ch efforts to meet the shifting needs of the community.  

Disaster planning utilizing informatics Assignment

Disaster planning utilizing informatics - Assignment Example Most often the poorest are greatly affected by the disaster. This is the case many nations. But the developments in the field of information technology make things different. We can expect any kinds of disasters any where in the world at anytime in any forms. So there is no matter of doubt about the disaster, natural or man made. We should prepare for to manage the disaster. We have enough facilities to manage and save the life. The communication system of today is efficient, powerful and fast. We can use the communication systems telephone, radio, video, fax, television and other technological devices to communicate to the people who are in the area of disaster in advance. (http://practicalaction.org/disaster-reduction?utm_source=S000&utm_medium=PPC&utm_campaign=C10105&gclid=CIng24eEvKUCFYIa6wodwisfYw) By passing information about disaster in advance, the people in the area of disaster can saved. Do not think that we can understand all about disaster in advance. The facility of science and technology of today will help us to understand the disaster in advance in some extent. So people can move safe area. The role of informatics is very valuable and in pre-disaster time and post disaster time. As we know that the natural disasters very terrible and frightening. We have no control over them. So the role of informatics and modern information technology is very weak and not at all efficient. ( Craig H. Llewellyn) Science and information technology will become silent when these kinds of crucial and terrible natural disasters arrive. Informatics can perform its valuable role in health care and medical field in somewhat great extent. But its role in disaster planning has many limitations. Even though it has limitations, it is unavoidable in disaster planning. It overcomes its all limitations by certain advantages. We must hope more developments in informatics in the field of disaster

Economics Government Regulation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Economics Government Regulation - Research Paper Example Poor planning leads to loss of resources and in extreme levels to the collapse of the enterprise. Therefore, it is very crucial for organizations to make clear plans that would act as the blue print for the business (Baker & English, 2011; Singh, 2012). The price that a food processing company should charge for its commodities should range between the lowest price at which the company may not make profit at all, to the highest price that is likely to reduce demand of the products if charged. In such a case, a company should consider both the internal and the external factors in order to get the most appropriate price between these two extremes. Introduction of new products calls for adoption of a proper pricing strategy that would completely discourage competition from the new comers (other firms) and most importantly create the desired impact in the market (Kurtz, 2012). Penetration and skimming pricing strategies are some of the basic strategies that may be adopted to determine the right price of the commodity. Skimming pricing encompasses launching a product at a relatively high price and later on reducing it if necessary (Kurtz, 2012). This strategy spends a lot of money in product promotion, and is recommended mostly when the demand of the product is not predictable. The strategy is common especially if the company had spent large sums of money on research, when promotion is likely to expend a lot of money due to the competition, and when the commodity is very innovative in a way that the market is likely to mature gradually. Skimming strategy has numerous advantages such as ensuring that the elasticity of the products price is low as well as ensuring that minimal cross elasticity of demand exists in case there exist products that are close substitutes. This helps the product in making a vital inroad into the market

Internationalisation in Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Internationalisation in Marketing - Essay Example The Uppsala model is one of the most well known models of internationalization. The Uppsala model is a four staged model that argues that firms pass through four stages in order to go international. From absence of regular exports to overseas production firms go through all these stages according to the Uppsala model. The model is based on how firms learn and how they incorporate what they learn in their investment decisions in foreign markets (Johanson & Vahlne, 1977). Through the stages of model the firm gains more and more knowledge about the foreign markets and their market commitment, all assets of a firm in a particular geographical market, increase gradually as their experience increases. Knowledge and learning is the main component of the Uppsala model. Model also suggests that initially firms invest in countries that are culturally close to the firm’s native country. The model is of great importance to the marketers as it provides a great framework for them to initiate operations in foreign markets. The emphasis of the model is on learning and knowledge and this is a very objective approach. The importance of foreign knowledge and culture is very important for marketers in order to prosper in the foreign markets. Uppsala model also identifies the differences that exist between and local and foreign environment. These differences are important for marketers as one strategy in a local setting may bear great benefit but the same strategy can lead to a disaster.

Economics Government Regulation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Economics Government Regulation - Research Paper Example Poor planning leads to loss of resources and in extreme levels to the collapse of the enterprise. Therefore, it is very crucial for organizations to make clear plans that would act as the blue print for the business (Baker & English, 2011; Singh, 2012). The price that a food processing company should charge for its commodities should range between the lowest price at which the company may not make profit at all, to the highest price that is likely to reduce demand of the products if charged. In such a case, a company should consider both the internal and the external factors in order to get the most appropriate price between these two extremes. Introduction of new products calls for adoption of a proper pricing strategy that would completely discourage competition from the new comers (other firms) and most importantly create the desired impact in the market (Kurtz, 2012). Penetration and skimming pricing strategies are some of the basic strategies that may be adopted to determine the right price of the commodity. Skimming pricing encompasses launching a product at a relatively high price and later on reducing it if necessary (Kurtz, 2012). This strategy spends a lot of money in product promotion, and is recommended mostly when the demand of the product is not predictable. The strategy is common especially if the company had spent large sums of money on research, when promotion is likely to expend a lot of money due to the competition, and when the commodity is very innovative in a way that the market is likely to mature gradually. Skimming strategy has numerous advantages such as ensuring that the elasticity of the products price is low as well as ensuring that minimal cross elasticity of demand exists in case there exist products that are close substitutes. This helps the product in making a vital inroad into the market

Irony in the cask of amontillado Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Irony in the cask of amontillado - Essay Example Fortunato was dressed in clothing like a jester, in fact, he even had a hat with bells on it. Montresor was dressed in black with a mask of equal color. This symbolizes Montresor as evil and Fortunato as the fool. Montresor comments Fortunato on looking â€Å"remarkably well† and asks the drunken man to check his new case of Amontillado for genuity. Fortunato, stricken by his pride upon hearing the name of a rival wine connoisseur, Luchresi accepted the offer. Fortunato happily followed Montresor to his doom. Montresor led Fortunato to the Montresor to a dark tomb where the bones of Montresor’s ancestors lay untouched. In the musty tomb, Fortunato’s illness becomes worse and he begins to cough uncontrollably. Montresor feigns concern and warns Fortunato about going deeper into the tomb saying that he could die from the nitre. Due to pride, Fortunato refused Montresor’s invitation to leave the cellars saying â€Å"I shall not die of a cough.† Montresor took out a wine bottle from a nearby rack and offers Fortunato to drink. Fortunato took the wine and drank to the dead Montresor ancestors around him. Montresor drank to Fortunato, wishing him a long life. Montresor brought another bottle of wine, flaà §on of De Grà ¢ve, handing it to Fortunato who quickly drank the wine to his utter enjoyment. He did a hand sign that was exclusively for the Masons, a secretive group of people said to have political power. As a joke, Montresor said that he too was a mason and he took out a trowel from within his coat. Fortunato was thrown back a few steps out of shock when he realized Montresor was not a Freemason but a stonemason, a builder. Montresor began to seal Fortunato within the damp cellar. Fortunato was starting to recover from his drunkenness and began screaming. To taunt Fortunato, Montresor begins aiding his screams. When Fortunato screams â€Å"For the love of God,†

Presentation of information Essay Example for Free

Presentation of information Essay Here is various data which I obtained from the 2001 West Finchley census that is based around the demography of the area. This data will help me to make conclusions about potential customers, levels of income etc. I have converted some census data into graphs and kept some as tables.  From this graph taken from the census data, it is clear that the majority of people living in Finchley Central are aged 20-64. From this data, Coffee Republic has a good age gap to provide coffee and other beverages to potential customers. However, there is still a high amount of 5-19 year olds, so they may need to provide an alternative for the younger people instead of coffee, such as a sandwich or juice. The most popular mode of transport that employed residents use here is the train via the underground station. This is very significant for Coffee Republic as the underground station is very near to the site where the possible Coffee Republic would locate. This would mean that Coffee Republic could be able to obtain many customers from the underground station as a lot of employed people would be leaving the station to go home in Finchley Central. This table acquired from the census, shows us what percentage of the residents in Finchley Central are economically active. There are a lot of employed people shown in this data, which can provide the possibility of customers, as the employed have more disposable income to spend on such indulgences that Coffee Republic provides. From the table above, I can see that 18% of people in Finchley Central are classed in the large employer, higher managerial/higher professional group. This information tells me how much possible disposable income potential customers may have by looking at their economic classification. By looking at this group in particular, it can show that this group of people have a high amount of disposable income as this group is associated with high paid jobs such as doctors, lawyers etc. From gathering this information, it can help to make a decision on pricing, as Coffee Republic will need to set a pricing strategy that will suit its target market. This table shows that 10% of people in Finchley Central work from home. This indicates that this class of people may not have a lot of disposable income to spend on luxuries, which can mean people in this category may not visit the potential Coffee Republic. This would mean that Coffee Republic may need to set a low price for their quality products to appeal to this set of people, as this category of people may not earn a lot of money compared to those in a high professional role. Data from upmystreet: This map shows data which I have collected from www.upmystreet.com. It lists the ten surrounding coffee shops in Finchley Central, which may prove to be potential competitors to Coffee Republic. This can help me to pick out which of these competitors would be a threat to Coffee Republic. From the competitors map I can see that there are a large number of competitors surrounding the potential location of the new franchise. This data shows me whether locating a new franchise would be a sound business decision as a large number of competitors could be detrimental to Coffee Republic. On the contrary, the map shows that the competition is small scale businesses e.g. local cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s, which could mean that locating a franchise there would eliminate them, due to the reputable name and brand that Coffee Republic has built up. The Coffee Republic franchise process:-  This flowchart shows the processes and steps involved in creating a Coffee Republic Franchise. Possible franchisors will always look to these steps when considering creating a new Coffee Republic franchise. I obtained this information from the Coffee Republic franchise pack from the Coffee Republic website.

Analysing Mearsheimers Critique Of Structural Realism Politics Essay

Analysing Mearsheimers Critique Of Structural Realism Politics Essay As discussed in the last section the Waltzian model of realism has had profound effects on international relations theory. However, even fellow realists have found problems and inconsistencies with Waltzs structural realism. John Mearsheimer is one of these theorists. He uses and adapts on Waltzs theory to paint a much more pessimistic and altogether darker picture of International relations theory. He expands on Waltzs idea of structure causing behaviour, but he rejects the status quo bias in Waltzs theory. (Mearsheimer, 2001, p. 20) Instead he favours a more aggressive form of state interaction forced by anarchic systems which lead states to become hegemonies. Mearsheimer still refers to himself as a structural realist because his assumptions are based on states acting in an anarchic system. While he uses Waltzs theory of structure he does have serious reservations about defensive realisms theoretical usefulness: Realist theories are invariably simple or parsimonious, which has an upside and a downside. Any simple theory, as we all know, can only explain so much about the world, because by definition it omits a variety of factors from its explanatory apparatus, and sometimes those factors matter a lot. (Mearsheimer, Booth, Wheeler, Williams, 2006, p. 107) He goes further to explain why this is a problem for Waltzs theory: My main problem with defensive realism is that it does not do a good job of explaining how the world actually works. It may be a good normative theory but it is not a good descriptive theory. (ibid., p. 111) Mearsheimer has attempted to rectify this problem by creating a new theory, or more accurately, amending the pre-existing theory. To do this he state the five key assumptions realism is based upon. The bulk of this section will attempt to critique his amendments to Waltzs structural realism and will attempt to show how they are also logically dubious. As stated in the previous section Waltz erred on the side of parsimony rather than providing a descriptive theory. (SÃ ¸rensen, 2011, p. 112) Mearsheimer starts his book with his five key assumptions, which he restates throughout his work. While he never explicitly ranks them, it is fair to say, based on his theory, that the following order is most important to least important. States are the key actors in World Politics and they operate in an anarchic system. Great powers invariably have some offensive military capability. States can never be certain whether other states have hostile intentions towards them. Great powers place a high premium on survival. States are rational actors who are reasonably effective at designing strategies that maximise their chances of survival. (ibid., pp. 362-363) Mearsheimer seems to add an addendum to his own work, that maximising chances for survival necessarily dictates that states are power-hungry. That they will attempt to gain power and try to achieve regional and perhaps global hegemony. He creates a set of mutually exclusive conditions tries to make them operate in concert to explain state behaviour. He claims in his book The Tragedy of Great Power Politics that the structure of the international system, not the particular characteristics of individual powers, causes them to think and act offensively and to seek hegemony. (ibid., p. 53) He argues that Waltzs self-help behaviour, created by security dilemmas within the international system, was not taken far enough. In anarchy the desire to survive encourages states to behave aggressively. (ibid., p. 54) He assumes that such behaviour does not accurately explain states primary motivation and that when given the opportunity that states will act to create superiority or hegemony. He make s very little effort to explain why an anarchic system forces these actions. He assumes that through a series of, arguably flawed, case studies that his reader will accept his assumption as an epistemological fact. This is counterintuitive when his first assumption of world politics tells that states act in anarchy. Mearsheimer explains that anarchy means that states have no higher authority above them. (2005, p. 2005) Hegemony is defined by Mearsheimer as a state that is so powerful that it dominates all the other states in the system. (2001, p. 40) This would then prioritize the hegemon and it would act as a higher authority in the international system. This could conceivably create a hierarchic international system. Mearsheimer rejects this, and contradicts the logical extension of his theoretical assumptions in the process, when describing the present international system; we are not moving towards a hierarchic international system, which would effectively mean some kind of world government. In fact, anarchy looks like it will be with us for a long time. (2001, p. 365) Mearsheimer seems to be suggesting throughout his work that the hegemon would not be an authority above the states but more of a primus inter pares. His reasoning for hegemonic growth is based in the security dilemma international relations presents. The ultimate goal being survival states will attempt to gain enough relative power that they cannot be threatened. (Wang, 2004, pp. 176-177) Nevertheless, there is still no compelling argument given to show how anarchy relates to hegemonic stability theory. This apparent contradiction between theoretical assumptions warrants further consideration. To provide a critique that is both succinct and effective it is reasonable to use a few fundamental shortcuts in the following examination. The first of these is that this critique will assume that Mearsheimers underlying theoretical assumptions are correct (within the reaches of his own theory). In particular his first assumption that the structure of world politics is anarchical and the underlying premise of his work that states seek power to enhance security and that hegemony is the ultimate goal are the two theoretical assumptions that will be focused on. The second is to assume that he is correct when he labels America as a regional hegemony. It is important to note that neither of these conditions are as clear cut or simple as Mearsheimer would seem to believe, indeed the first will be challenged throughout this section. The critique will be examining the relationship between the Europea n Union and America. It will question whether the primus inter pares relationship described above is real or if hegemonic stability theory is anathema to anarchic structures. To begin it should be noted that it is very hard to make the case that Europe is one homogenous entity subject to the same rules and responsibilities of a state. This argument is largely born as a hypothetical situation. The following situation is being used to demonstrate a logical inconsistency and contradiction within Mearsheimers theory. I intend to question Mearsheimers conception of state actions and anarchy. Without considering other influencing factors (given that almost all realists assume that states are the main actors) the main actor that will be discussed is Germany. The situation will use Mearsheimers own arguments regarding potential hegemonies and the actions existing hegemonies take to prevent their rise. Mearsheimer argues that economic and political interdependence would not be enough to secure the rise of Germany within Europe. (1994-1995, pp. 6-8) America is the deciding factor when it comes to preventing war in Europe. (ibid. 6-8, 47-49) This is the action of a hegemonic entity he argues. States that achieve regional Hegemony seek to prevent great powers in other regions from duplicating their feat. Thus the United States, for example, played a key role in preventing imperial Japan, Wilhelmine Germany, Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union from gaining regional supremacy. (Mearsheimer J. J., 2001, p. 41) He goes on to explain how this is relevant to the example: If a potential hegemon emerges among them, the other great powers in that region might be able to contain it by themselves, allowing the distant hegemon to remain safely on the sidelines. Of course, if the local great powers were unable to do the job, the distant hegemon would take the appropriate measures. (ibid., p. 41) Mearsheimer states that this form of state (it is worthwhile to point out that a hegemon is substantially different to a state this point will be expanded upon later in the section) behaviour is more about balancing power and preventing a potential threat becoming an actual threat. This is broadly in keeping with realist assumptions of state action. However, if the term balancing is replaced with policing, which is equally applicable, the action becomes problematic if the system is meant to remain anarchic. He does in fact explicitly state that the peace in Europe today, is the result of the American pacifier, not the establishment of a security community. (Mearsheimer, Booth, Wheeler, Williams, 2006, p. 116) This is not the role of a hegemonic balancing act. It is the imposition of order by the hegemon on other states. There is an argument to be made that it does balance a perceived future threat, that argument is, however, unconvincing. The security dilemma does not stipulate that a state respond to an implied threat, the only response warranted is when there is a de facto threat. The degree of economic integration and interdependence in Europe necessarily precludes Germany from seeking power as it would lead to negative gain. Mearsheimer oddly goes further than this when discussing this problem I think you have peace in western Europe because there is a higher authority that maintains order. There is a 911 to call: the United States. (2006, p. 121) The contradiction becomes apparent; anarchy is the absence of a higher authority, hegemony is the imposition of it. There is little doubt that Mearsheimer would disagree with this interpretation of hegemony as he would regard America acting as a global policeman (absent the need to balance an aggressively growing potential hegemon) as ill advised and contrary to the underlying assumptions of his theory. (2001, pp. 50-51) The reason this example is so confused is also born out of a contradiction implicit within Mearsheimers work. Germany could never be a potential hegemon, irrespective of historical imperatives. The reasons for this are apparent in Mearsheimers own work the rational actor assumption would seem to stop a state from taking an action where the costs outweigh the potential gains. (ibid. p.37) This means, largely due to the level of economic interdependence that Germany is not likely to become an expansionistic power. The contradiction that comes out is that while the buffer that America provides (which Mearsheimer disagrees with profoundly (2006, pp. 118-121)) is not a response to a potential hegemon it is the imposition of hegemonic strength. However, this contradiction does not detract from the problem of hegemonic dominance necessarily translating the anarchic system into a hierarchical one. Quite aside from that particular theoretical inconsistency, there is a problem with Mearsheimers power lust vs. balancing theory. He has three conditions that control this form of state action: Great powers try to expand only when opportunities arise. They do so when the benefits clearly exceed the risks and costs. They will desist from expansion when blocked and wait for a more propitious moment (Snyder, 2002, p. 153) The causal root of this competitive balancing is deeply rooted in the structure (or so we are lead to believe) anarchy forces each state to assume a security dilemma. This is argument is never truly pursued in his work, it is assumed that the self-help nature that Ken Waltz puts forward and this security problem is the driver for the state action. When examined this explanation of state action is completely unsatisfactory. Richard Rosecrance explains the problem of this form of state action. At the turn of the century, the United States passed Great Britain without war. In economic terms, Japan moved ahead of the Soviet Union in 1983 but neither country was tempted to fight over the transition. The German rise vis-a-vis Britain at the end of the nineteenth century would not have been a problem had it not been that the Kaiser decided to build a great navy and challenge Britain both at home and overseas. If Germany had remained a land power as it opted to do under Bismarck it would not have caused British opposition or provoked an arms race. (2006, p. 32) Britain, from the mid 19th century to the start of the First World War was the regional hegemony. It had almost complete control of the sea and a huge empire to support itself. Both America and Wilhelmine Germany were potential regional hegemonies. Britain did not in any way try to challenge their growth. Similarly the Soviet Union did not balance the growing hegemony of Japan. This seems to ignore both the rational actor model and hegemonic stability theory, both of which are key parts Mearsheimers theory. Mearsheimers work on offensive realism is riddled with mutual exclusions and contradictions. It does still remain an interesting theory; it attempts to add broader explanatory assumptions to a set of normative principles. The problem is that the theory attempts to do too much. It tries to explain state motivations and actions as well as the outcomes produced. It, however, uses very narrow ontological assumptions to provide explanation. We are presented with the idea that states have a will to power driven by a security threat which is in turn driven by the anarchical system. Mearsheimer does not explain coherently why an anarchic structure forces states into such an aggressive competition, he serves it up as an epistemological fact and an eternal truth. With these problems in mind, it is also important to remember that Mearsheimer theory does cover some aspects of international relations. The addition of the rational actor model is likely a positive change in realist perspective, wit h the caveat that states can act irrationally at times. This section has provided a critique of Mearsheimers work using his own theories and examples. I have tried to remain as constant to Mearsheimers own theoretical assumptions as possible. While by no means conclusive it does serve to illustrate some severe problems with the theory that need to be rectified. The validity of his core assumptions are not what I have questioned, it is the underlying addition to these assumptions of hegemonic stability theory that I strongly disagree with. While Mearsheimer does give empirical evidence to support his claims, the validity of this evidence is up for debate.

Apocalypse Now and Heart of Darkness Essay -- Literary Analysis

The idea of intertextuality can be seen heavily in Apocalypse Now as it based on the story and ideals within Heart of Darkness. The characters of Apocalypse Now are direct references to characters in the novella, and through their actions and ideals, serve nearly the same role. The first parallel we see between characters is that of Willard and Marlow. In the opening scene of the movie, Willard is complaining about wanting a mission and getting back into the war, stating â€Å"Every time I think I'm gonna wake up back in the jungle. When I was home after my first tour, it was worse. I'd wake up and there'd be nothing. I hardly said a word to my wife, until I said "yes" to a divorce. When I was here, I wanted to be there; when I was there, all I could think of was getting back into the jungle. I'm here a week now, waiting for a mission, getting softer; every minute I stay in this room, I get weaker, and every minute Charlie squats in the bush, he gets stronger. Each time I looked around, the walls moved in a little tighter.† (Apocalypse Now) Willard is being driven mad by his need to be involved in the war, to the point where it is affecting his home life. Simply being in his room waiting for a mission is making him become paranoid to an unhealthy ext ent in which he feels the need to become intoxicated and self destructive to cope. This obsession correlates with Marlow’s own obsession with work in Heart of Darkness. Like Willard, Marlow’s sanity also relies on his work. The first major break in his mental state we see is when he is unable to do work due to his steamer being damaged and not having the parts to repair it. Upon hearing the news that rivets necessary to repairing the steamer are on the way, the normal stoic Marlow bursts ... ...e you. And suddenly he'll grab you, and he'll throw you in a corner, and he'll say "Do you know that 'if' is the middle word in life?’If you can keep your head when all about you are losing theirs and blaming it on you, if you can trust yourself when all men doubt you'..." – I mean, I'm no, I can't – I'm a little man, I'm a little man, he's, he's a great man† This speech is extremely similar to that of the one Marlow is greeted with, which shows how Apocalypse Now uses nearly the exact same device as Heart of Darkness to show Kurtz’s effect on people. Works Cited Apocalypse Now. Dir. Francis Ford Coppola. Pro. Francis Ford Coppola. American Zoetrope, August 15, 1979. Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. New York: Bantem Dell 2004 Comparing Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now." 123HelpMe.com. 16 Dec 2010 .

Pros and Cons of Sending Parents to Elderly Nursing Homes Essay

Many adults have elderly parents who could benefit from living in a retirement home. However, it’s hard to decide to send an elderly parent to a retirement home because there are several other care options available. Furthermore, this decision can be made more challenging because most retirement homes have several pros and cons that should be fully considered beforehand. Here is a brief look at some of the most important pros and cons to consider before finding an elderly parent the right retirement home. Perhaps it can help you make a more informed decision about entering a retirement home. On one hand, sending an elderly parent to a retirement home provides elderly people and their families several benefits that are hard to overlook. Many people think it’s a good idea to enter a retirement home because most retirement homes provide many benefits that are hard to pass-up. For example, the biggest benefits that retirement homes provide to residents include around the clock supervision, expert on-site medical care, and individualized help with daily needs. At first glance, these benefits can make a huge difference in the lives of elderly people because they can make their lives more enjoyable. However, many people tend to forget that retirement homes also offer other benefits that are often overlooked by people. Here are some of the most common benefits that retirement homes provide to residents and their loved ones. One of the most overlooked benefits retirement homes provide to residents is a structured environment. Elderly people often need a more structured environment as they grow older. This is especially true if they are mentally or physically disabled because it helps them lead a more normal and happy life. Furthermore, elderly people also tend to be more distracted by changes to their environment. Most retirement homes understand this. That’s why they try to set up a daily schedule that helps their residents lead a normal life. This structured schedule includes set meal times, scheduled activity times and other repetitive activities. Another overlooked benefit of retirement homes is a chance to remain as independent as possible. This benefit will be especially important to Baby Boomers because it will help them still lead the independent life style that their generation is so used to enjoying. This will help them still enjoy living to its fullest because it will allow them still do most of the things they enjoy doing. Finally, many people also tend to forget that retirement homes also help elderly people’s families deal with the logistics of caring with an elderly loved one. Many of us have elderly loved ones that need more help than what we can provide by ourselves. This is true because many of us have jobs and other responsibilities that make it difficult for people to take care of an elderly loved one who needs help with daily activities. As a result, retirement homes also provide several care options for families who need extra help helping their elderly loved ones. On the other hand, sending an elderly parent to a retirement home also poses several potential problems that also need to be considered. Here are some of the most common problems that people encounter: Paying for a retirement home’s services can be difficult for many people because most insurance policies and Medicare coverage plans generally deny covering the cost of living in a retirement home. This can make it difficult for many people to afford a retirement home’s services because many retirement homes charge high monthly fees to residents. In fact, many retirement homes charge â€Å"A la Carte† rates that tend to be expensive because they give consumers more freedom to buy only the services they need. These pricing plans are convenient. However, they also make it more difficult to afford living in a retirement home because many people cannot afford to play for services using these pricing plans. Many elderly people and their families also have problems finding retirement homes that provide top quality care because many retirement homes have difficulty finding qualified staff who can work with elderly people. Furthermore, many elderly people’s families have also had difficulty with staff members who are unwilling to work with clients’ families to resolve concerns. These problems can make it very frustrating to find the appropriate retirement home because it can be difficult to find a retirement home that has a staff that is willing to answer consumer’s questions about their services. Finally, many people also forget that some elderly people have trouble living in a retirement home. This is true for many reasons. For example, some elderly people are so independent that they have a hard time accepting help from others. Other elderly people have problems living in a retirement home because they have a hard time getting along with certain staff members because of personality differences. These problems can make it difficult for many elderly people to live in a retirement home because their personalities make it hard for them to live in some living situations. As you can see, there are many pros and cons to consider before entering a retirement home. This makes it important to research all of your care options before selecting the right option for your elderly loved one. Doing this will not only help you make a more informed decision for your loved one, it can also make a real difference in your elderly loved one’s overall quality of life. As a result, be sure to explore the pros of cons of entering a retirement home to see if retirement homes are your elderly loved one’s best care option.

Underage Binge Drinking In UK Health And Social Care Essay

The intent of this survey is for the author to research the authorities schemes in battling the lifting rates of minor orgy imbibing in the UK. The author will near this subject by briefly analyzing the prevalence, determiners, and effects of minor orgy imbibing. The author will besides critically analyse spreads in authorities schemes in undertaking minor imbibing and later explicate a policy intercession that would turn to the spreads highlighted. Ethical consideration of the policy intercession will besides be explored, and later contemplation and decision will shut the survey. There is no cosmopolitan definition of orgy imbibing, but it is frequently described as a form of inordinate consumption of intoxicant over a short period of clip ( Home Office Findings ( HOFs ) , 2005 ) . Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology ( POST ) ( 2005 ) expands this definition farther as such behavior that leads to a rapid addition in blood intoxicant concentration and accordingly to drunkenness. However, the author believes that orgy imbibing occurs when people have no bound of their intoxicant consumption within a short period ensuing in exposing themselves or/and other people to put on the line. Underage orgy imbibing continues to increase in the UK, although the figure of immature people aged 11 to 15 who drink intoxicant has fallen since 2001 ( National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence ( NICE ) , 2007 ) . However, those that drink intoxicant continue to imbibe more and more frequently ( HM Government, 2007 In NICE, 2007 ) . Harmonizing to HOFs ( 2006 ) , the nature of offenses among elderly 10 to 17 during or after imbibing was associated with frequence of imbibing. Those that drink one time a hebdomad or more reported acquiring involved in statements ( 48 % ) , battles ( 19 % ) and condemnable harm offenses ( 12 % ) during or after imbibing compared to those that drink between one and three times a month ( 16 % , 6 % and 4 % severally ) . Another survey undertaken by The European School Survey Project on Alcohol and other Drugs ( ESPAD ) has examined imbibing among representative samples of elderly 15 and 16 in the UK. In 2003 survey, UK was ranked as the 3rd most adolescent orgy drinkers out of 35 European states ( Hibell et al. , 2004 ) . There are some effects of teenage orgy imbibing, and one of this is medical consequence. Binge imbibing causes encephalon harm that destroys the encephalon cells and grounds suggests that adolescent orgy drinkers are likely to see impaired memory and concluding accomplishments ( Institute of Alcohol Studies ( IAS ) , 2007 ) . Alcohol toxic condition is another common medical status among immature orgy drinkers. The hazard of cardiovascular, high blood pressure, shots, bosom diseases, psychological jobs, chest and unwritten malignant neoplastic diseases are ulterior effects of teenage imbibing on maturity ( IAS, 2007 ) . One of the economic deductions of orgy imbibing is the cost to the NHS, it is estimated that the cost of intoxicant injury to the NHS in England is ?2.7 billion ( 2006/07 ) as compared to ?1.7 billion in 2001/02 monetary values ( The Health and Social Care Information Centre ( THSCIC ) , 2009 ) . Other effects of minor orgy imbibing consequence in intoxicant related accidents. For illustration, in 2007, 6,541 deceases in England were straight related to alcohol ingestion and this has increased by 19 % between 2001 and 2007 ( THSCIC, 2009 ) . Besides, orgy imbibing consequences in insecure behavior such as sexual activities and other illicit drug usage, which is more outstanding with immature orgy drinkers ( IAS, 2007 ) .Determinants OF UNDERAGE BINGE DrinkingDahlgren and Whitehead ( 1991 ) ( see appendix ) formulated a utile model to intensively research the determiners of wellness. It is argued that public wellness is non chiefly the absence of diseases ( World Health Organisation ( WHO ) , 1948 ) but to advance ways of protracting people ‘s lives ( Acheson, 1988 ) through the complex interactions between societal and economic factors, the physical environment and single behavior every bit good as fixed factors such as age, sex and hereditary. The extremum of teenage orgy imbibing age seems to happen around elderly 15 and supra. HOFs ( 2006 ) reported that kids aged 16 to 17 reported holding had alcoholic drink in the old 12 months. This study shows the highest intoxicant ingestion ( 88 % ) between the age bracket as compared to kids aged 10 to 13 that have the lowest ( 29 % ) . Conversely, kids aged 15 to 16 were used in ESPAD ‘s survey, which shows high rate of underage orgy imbibing in the UK among these age bracket ( Hibell et al. , 2004 ) . HOFs ( 2005 ) reported that immature males are likely to gorge drink ( 49 % ) than immature females ( 39 % ) . However, Hibell et Al. ( 2004 ) argued that UK imbibing civilization seems to be switching from immature males devouring intoxicant far more than immature females because figures show that in the UK, Ireland and Isle of Man, adolescent misss are more likely than teenage male childs to hold consumed intoxicant in orgies ( Velleman, 2009 ) . Griffith ( 2000 ) suggested that imbibing has been reported as being portion of British imbibing civilization for coevalss. Plant and works ( 2006 ) argued that most people in the UK drink alcoholic drinks and the negative effects of this imbibing are clearly a large job. The imbibing forms are extremely influenced by national civilization ( Velleman, 2009 ) . For illustration, in Mediterranean civilization, immature people are most likely to imbibe and imbibe more frequently and ne'er caused public inebriation ( Velleman, 2009 ) whereas in northern European, imbibing is characterised by inordinate imbibing but less frequent and heavier when it does happen ( IAS, 2007 ) . Parental influence was critically explored by Velleman et Al. ( 2005 ) of which household construction was one of the countries where households can act upon their bush leagues ‘ substance use behavior. Hellandsjo Bu et Al. ( 2002 ) stated that kids imbibing at a younger age from single-parent households have limited household support. Steinberg et Al. ( 1994 ) argued that non-separated parents who expect a batch from their kids and supply a sense of self-efficacy tend to hold kids who are less likely to be misapplying intoxicant. Environmental factor such as advertizement ( direct and indirect ) is another factor act uponing minor orgy imbibing. Anderson & A ; Baumberg ( 2006 ) and Hastings ( 2007 ) have suggested in their reappraisal that intoxicant advertisement and selling are important factors in the rise in intoxicant ingestion by immature people. In contrast, intoxicant and advertisement industries argued that as the alcoholic drink is a legal merchandise it should be lawfully possible for it to be advertised ( IAS, 2008 ) . Other determiners are the influence of equal force per unit area ( Velleman, 2009 ) and socio-economic factors ( Measham, 1996 ) every bit good as single factors ( Ryan, 2005 In IAS, 2007 ) such as unprompted personality traits, populating off from place and to greater richness, and increase in orgy imbibing for those who have weak wellness beliefs.Current GOVERNMENT STRATEGIES AND BINGE DrinkingThe four states that constitute UK responded to ways in which lifting rate of orgy imbibing could be controlled. In England, authorities published a policy papers in 2004 on Alcohol Harm Reduction Strategy for England ( Cabinet Office Prime Minister ‘s Strategy Unit, 2004 ) . This scheme sets out to turn to better instruction and communicating to accomplish a long term alteration in attitudes to irresponsible imbibing. It besides focuses on better wellness and intervention systems to better early designation and intervention of intoxicant jobs every bit good as to battle intoxicant rela ted offense and working with the intoxicant industry to construct on the good pattern of bing enterprises and develop new 1s. Finally, the new licensing jurisprudence that allows 24 hr entree to intoxicant was introduced by the authorities in November 2005 ( Department for Culture, Media & A ; Sport, 2005 ) . The authorities step to undertake orgy imbibing focuses on injury minimization but failed to turn to the handiness of intoxicant through its 24 hr licensing jurisprudence and affordability ( POST, 2005 ) . The current licensing jurisprudence harmonizing to the authorities tends to cut down the pattern of stashing intoxicant merely before the shutting hours and besides cut downing the Numberss of people hotfooting into the street to buy intoxicant. The Royal College of Physician ( RCP ) strongly disagreed with authorities policy on its 24 hr licensing jurisprudence. It was suggested that this will increase the overall ingestion of intoxicant and will hold public wellness deductions ( POST, 2005 ) . Government argued that its intoxicant licensing jurisprudence will cut down offense and anti-social behavior and promote a alteration in UK imbibing civilization ( POST, 2005 ) . Following the grounds presented above about the effect of orgy imbibing in the UK, it is clear that more dependa ble and grounds based solutions need to be put in topographic point because the authorities is trusting to control intoxicant related offense instead than seting scheme that would control the overall ingestion of intoxicant in order to safeguard the wellness of the people in general. The authorities policy on intoxicant seems to belie the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion ( OCHP ) which suggests that all public policies should be examined for its impact on wellness ( WHO, 1986 ) which seems to hold been overlooked by the authorities. Furthermore, the Numberss of people sing intoxicant related injury continue to increase in the UK. For illustration, the Numberss of people deceasing from alcoholic liver diseases are increasing in England and Wales ( HM Government, 2007 In NICE, 2007 ) . The author feels that if the scheme to control the overall ingestion of intoxicant could be put in topographic point, it will certainly advance what the authorities is trusting to accomplish. Peoples should be entitled to good wellness and what orgy imbibing is doing in the UK is beliing what a good wellness should be. WHO ( 1948 ) defines wellness as a province of complete physical, mental and societal wellbeing but non needfully absence of disease. Alma-Ata declaration argued that people should hold entree to healthcare at a cost that is low-cost and people going the ownership of their attention ( WHO, 1978 ) . It besides argued that wellness should be a cardinal human right and non a privilege. The authorities ‘s scheme on orgy imbibing seems to miss public wellness benefits as it contradicts Alma-Ata declaration of what a good wellness should be for the people.POLICY INTERVENTIONHarmonizing to Stevenson et Al. ( 2002, p.533 ) policy is ‘a class of action adopted or proposed by an organisation or individual ‘ . However, the author argued that a policy is a set of regulation or guideline that is specifically drafted for a peculiar intent for an person, administration or state to follow. The author will therefore focal point on beef uping the current authorities scheme as this scheme appears non to be battling adolescent orgy imbibing in the UK. The author aims to suggest a policy to cut down 24 hours entree to alcohol ( licencing jurisprudence ) to a restricted clip graduated table and to increase intoxicant revenue enhancements as ways of pull offing the handiness of intoxicant and to cut down early intoxicant imbibing. These thoughts are good supported by RCP, British Medical Association, and Academy of Medical Sciences ( POST, 2005 ) . Presently in the UK, the legal imbibing age is 18 old ages ( Office of communications, 2004 ) and the author is suggesting that the age should be increased to 21 in order to cut down teenage imbibing at early age and its associated injury. There has been a argument in the Australian media proposing increasing the legal age of intoxicant ingestion from 18 to 21 old ages ( Toumbourou, et Al. 2008 ) . Several surveies conducted in the yesteryear suggested that raising the age would cut down striplings ‘ entree to alcohol and subsequent associated injuries ( Grube, 1997 ; Ludbrook et al. , 2002 ) . Lowering the legal imbibing age from 20 to 18 in New Zealand is reported to hold resulted in a crisp addition in teenage and grownups binge imbibing ( Everitt & A ; Jones, 2002 ) . The author feels that if this attack is embraced, it will curtail entree to alcohol among elderly 18 to 21 which will partially cut down rate of imbibing. However, this action on its ain will non decide the or gy imbibing and all its associated injury. NICE ( 2007 ) produces public wellness guidelines on reasonable intoxicant ingestion for usage in primary and secondary schools in order to undertake the imbibing job among the immature people. The policy besides sets to supply support for intoxicant imbibing parents. It appears that authorities is seeking their best to control the lifting rate of underage imbibing in the UK. However, the author feels that sophisticated intoxicant consciousness programmes should be made available to the parents through their General Practitioners ( GPs ) . There is no modus operandi on intoxicant consciousness programme for the parents through their GPs and what appears to be available through the GP is to offer support when intoxicant is going or had become a job. There is a demand for everyday based intoxicant consciousness for the imbibing parents in all the GP surgeries. This thought is good supported by OCHP which focuses on assisting people develop their accomplishments in order to be in contro l of their lives and have more power in determinations that affect them ( WHO, 1986 ) . In making this, parents will be able to give advise on intoxicant imbibing as they will take by illustration by non imbibing or carrying intoxicant drinks in the house. Evidence shows that parents are likely to act upon their kids through their imbibing behavior ( Bandura 1977, In Velleman, 2009 ) . The author is besides suggesting that all alcohol related adverts ( direct or indirect ) should be ban in the UK because a recent reappraisal of seven international research surveies revealed that there is a correlativity between anterior intoxicant advertisement and selling exposure and subsequent intoxicant imbibing behavior in immature people ( Smith & A ; Foxcroft, 2007 ) . Taking actions on intoxicant advertizement in order to safeguard the hereafter of bush leagues are good supported by WHO ‘s European Charter on intoxicant. It addresses the European states to take action on intoxicant advertizement of which forbiddance was portion of the recommendations that were highlighted ( IAS, 2008 ) . However, the author is cognizant that this attack might non be in favor of the UK economic system because alcohol investors may go forth or non put in such state where publicity of their intoxicant merchandise can non be advertised. The author believes that overall wellness of the peo ple should outweigh such economic job. Last, the author is suggesting that a step such as presenting a national individuality card for its citizens with a position that this card will be used at the point of intoxicant purchase in order to maintain a record of authorities recommended ( THSCIC, 2009 ) daily alcohol consumption ( 3-4 and 2-3 units for work forces and adult females severally ) for an person who uses his/her card. This proposal will be monitored in relation to daily intoxicants intake should people get down to stash intoxicant. This proposal will besides restrict intoxicant entree to the bush leagues as grounds suggests they still have entree to alcohol despite authorities policy ( HOFs, 2006 ) .Ethical CONSIDERATIONThis survey considers the four widely accepted ethical rules ( Beauchamp & A ; Childress, 1995 ) which are autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justness. This survey will promote the minor people to do picks based on the information provided. The right information will be passed to them and will be allowed to do their informed determinations. The survey is besides constructed in a manner that is good to minor people, household and society at big. The confidentiality and regard of the people will be maintained. Last, the author will guarantee that people are treated reasonably and the resources will be shared every bit among those that need support.ContemplationMy apprehension of public wellness and application of theory into pattern has developed to a considerable degree during the class of this survey. This survey seems to be complex and necessitating in-depth cognition and apprehension of public wellness pattern. With equal homos and material resources obtained, I was able to bring out troubles that were ab initio apparent. This survey has given acceptance to the spreads that sometimes occur in authorities scheme to battle a job. I am cognizant that for an issue such as minor orgy imbibing to be revisited on the public docket, there may be a demand to recommend and intercede between different involvements for the chase of wellness of the people in the society. Such manner is achieved through media, advertisement to raise public consciousness, personal entreaties by public functionaries and famous persons and many other attacks ( Pencheon et al. , 2006 ) . Although this is non a warrant that such issues will derive public docket but it is suggested that public sentiment has its greatest impact on authorities decision-making when people feel strongly and clearly about a job ( Pencheon et al. , 2006 ) .DecisionThis survey has attempted to research the lifting rate of underage orgy imbibing by critically measuring the authorities steps in undertaking the job, with raised and explored policy intercessions in order to turn to spreads in authorities scheme. It is hoped that the policy intercessions would turn to the overall intoxicant ingestion instead than aiming merely the intoxicant orgy drinkers.MentionsAcheson, D. ( 1988 ) . Public Health in England. London: HMSO. Anderson, P. & A ; Baumberg, B. ( 2006 ) Alcohol in Europe, a public wellness position: A study for the European Commission. London: Institute of Alcohol Studies Bandura, A. ( 1977 ) . Cited In: Velleman, R. erectile dysfunction. Influence on how kids and immature people learn about and act towards intoxicant. A reappraisal of the literature for the literature for the Joseph Rowntree Foundation ( portion one ) . York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 12th December 2009 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.drugsandalcohol.ie/12563/1/JRF_children-alcohol-use-partone_2009.pdf Beauchamp, T. L. & A ; Childress, J. F. ( 1995 ) . Principles of biomedical moralss. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Cabinet Office Prime Minister ‘s Strategy ( 2004 ) . The Alcohol Harm Reduction Strategy for England. London: Cabinet Office. Dahlgren, G & A ; Whitehead, M ( 1991 ) . Policies and schemes to advance societal equity in wellness ( Roneo ) . Capital of sweden: Institute for Future Studies. Department for Culture, Media & A ; Sport ( 2005 ) New Licensing Laws Come into Effect at Midnight Tonight. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 26th January 2010 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.culture.gov.uk/reference_library/media_releases/3023.aspx Everitt, R. & A ; Jones, P. ( 2002 ) . Changing the minimal legal imbibing age.its consequence on a cardinal metropolis exigency section. New Zealand Medical Journal 115 ( 25 ) , pp. 9-11 Grube, J. ( 1997 ) . Preventing gross revenues of intoxicant to bush leagues. Consequences from a community test. Addiction 92 ( 2 ) , pp.251-260. Hastings, G. ( 2007 ) Social marketing.why should the Satans have all the best melodies? London: Butterworth-Heinemann Hellandsjo Bu, E. T. , Watten, R. G. , Foxcroft, D. R. , Ingebrigtsen, J. E. & A ; Relling, G. ( 2002 ) . Teenage intoxicant and poisoning introduction: the impact of household socialisation factors, populating country and engagement in organized athleticss. Alcohol and Alcoholism 37, pp.74-80 Hibell, B. , Andersson, B. , Bjarnason, T. , Ahlstrom, S. , Balakireva, O. , Kokkevi, A. and Morgan, M. ( 2004 ) . The ESPAD Report 2003. Alcohol and other Drug usage among Students in 35 European Countries. Capital of sweden: Swidish Council for Information on Alcohol and other Drugs. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 12th December 2009 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sedqa.gov.mt/pdf/information/reports_intl_espad2003.pdf HM Government ( 2007 ) . Cited In: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. erectile dysfunction. Interventions in schools to forestall and cut down intoxicant usage among kids and immature people. [ Online ] . Retrived on 20th December 2009 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nice.org.uk/PH007 Home Office Findings ( 2005 ) . Findingss from the 2003 Offending, Crime and Justice Survey. alcohol-related offense and upset. [ Online ] . 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